C**'' w^ T THE JOURNAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY LONDON. VOLUME IV. LONDON: PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY, AT THEIR HOUSE, 21, EEGENT STREET. SOLD BY ALL BOOKSELLERS. 1849. Tvondon : Printed by W. Clowks and Sons, Stamford-street. TABLE OF CONTENTS. VOLUME IV. Original, Communications : — Article Page I. The Coffee Bug and Coffee Mildew. By G. Gardner, F.L.S. . 1 II. A Notice of a Mould attacking the Coffee Plantations in Ceylon. By the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, King's Cliffe, Wansford . . 7 III. Notes on the Proper Treatment of Epiphytal Orchids. By George Gordon, A.L.S., Superintendent of the Ornamental Department in the Society's Garden ..... 9 I V. Contributions to a History of the Relation between Climate and Vegetation in various parts of the Globe : No. 8. The Vegetation of Ceylon. By George Gardner, F.L.S., Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Ceylon . . . .SI V. On Transplanting large Evergreen Trees and Shrubs. By R. Glendinning, F.H S., Hon. Mem. Hort. Soc. of Queen's County, Cor. Mem. Hort. Soc. of Massachusetts, U. S. A. . 41 VI. Official Correspondence i-elating to the Para Grass, pointing out its importance as a species capable of resisting great drought in hot countries. Communicated in a letter to Dr. Liudley by B. Hawes, Esq., M.P. 44 VII. The Aeration of Vineries, as practised at Bowood, the seat of the Marquis of Lansdowne, F.H.S. By John Spencer, C.M.H.S., Gardener there #9 VIII. The Pear as regards its Stock. By R. Errington, C.M.H.S., Gardener to Sir Philip de Malpas Grey Egerton, Bart., M.P., F.H.S., at Oulton Park, near Tarporley . . . .62 IX. On the Cultivation of Celery. By W. Cole, Gardener to H. Colyer, Esq., Dartford ....... S5 X. Experiments on the Growth of Plants in the Pure Earths, and also with Stimulants and Manure, made in the Years 1843-44. By W. H. Pepys, F.R.S., F.H.S 57 XI. On the Cultivation of Ipomsea Ficifolia, with a view to its Flowering in the Conservatory during the Summer^ and Autumn Months. By James Duncan, C.M.H.S., Gardener to Joseph Martineau, Esq., F.H.S., Basing Park, Alton . . 60 XII. Account of Experiments made in the Garden of the Horticul- tural Society, in 1848, with reference to the Potato Disease ; together with some Observations on the same. By Robert Thompson ......... 62 a 2 Q (\ "^ ^'> Si O i> f.} tC o IV CONTENTS. Article J'aye XIII. Notes on Fruit and Kitchen Plants proved in the Garden of the Society in 1848. By II. Thompson . . . .75 XIV. Remarks on Artificial Climate. By A. Scott, C.M.H.S., Gardener to Sir George Staunton, Bart., M.P., F.H.S., Leigh Park, Ilavaut, Hants 85 XV. Ferns as Decorative Objects. By Thomas Moore, F.B.S., Curator of the Physic Garden of the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries, Chelsea ...... 90 XVI. Tables of Temperature, for the use of Gardeners ; arranged according to the Latitudes of the respective localities in which tlie Observations have been made. By Kobert Thompson . . . . . . . .117 Report from the Council . . . . . .173 XVII. Description of the Kaisha, a new Syrian Apricot, introduced by John Barker, Ksq., of Suedia. By Robert Thompson, Superintendent of the Orchard and Kitchen Garden De- partment in the Society's Garden . . . . .189 XVIII. Edgings of narrow Turf as a Substitute for Box and other Plants in the formation of Geometrical Flower Gardens on Platforms of Gravel. By James Duncan, C.M.H.S., Gardener to Joseph Martineau, Esq., F.H.S., Basing Park, near Alton . .190 XIX. Hints on the Cultivation of the Genus Epacris. By Robert Reid, C.M.H.S., Gardener to Mrs. Clarke, of Noblethorpe 191 XX. On permanent Studs as a means of Training Fruit-trees on Walls. By George Fleming, C.M.H.S., Gardener to the Duke of Sutherland, F.H.S., Trentham Hall, Staflordshire 193 XXI. Some Observations on the Growth and Maturation of the Wood of Plants. By George Lovell, Gardener to the Marchioness of Hastings, F.H.S., at Efford House . . 195 XXII. Contributions to a History of the Relation between Climate and Vegetation in various parts of the Globe : No. 9." — Climate of Australind, Western Australia. An Ex- tract from a Letter to the Vice-Secretary from M. Waller Clifton, Esq., dated 25 September, 1848 . . . 203 XXIII. Hints on the proper Management of Fruit -Tree Borders, having for their object the attainment of early and perma- nent productiveness. By Henry Bailey, Nuneham . . 206 XXIV. On the Cultivation of the Scarlet Pelargonium in Pots. By Philip Conway, Earl's Court Nursery, Old Brompton Road 209 XXV. Notes upon some newly-introduced Conifers collected by Mr. Hartweg in Upper California. By George Gordon, A.L.S. 211 XXVI. Contributions to a History of the Relation between Climate and Vegetation in various parts of the Globe : No. 10. — The Vegetation of the Indian Archipelago. By Dr. C. G. C. Reinwardt, Professor of Chemistry, Botany, and Natural History at the University of Ley den . . .227 XXVIl. Chinese Cultivation. The Tchou-ma, or Chinese Flax. Translated from the Chinese by M. Stanislas Julien, and retranslated from the French ..... 236 CONTENTS. Article XXVIII. On the Pickfork. By R. Glendinning, F.H.S. XXIX. On some Moulds referred by Authors to Fumago, and on certain allied or analogous Forms. By the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S., and J. B. H. J. Desmazieres XXX. Memoranda concerning some new Plants recently intro- duced into gardens otherwise than through the Horticul- tural Society. No. 1. By John Lindley, Ph. D., F.R.S., Vice-Secretary ........ XXXI. Notes on some Varieties of Peas grown in the Garden of the Horticultural Society in 1849. By Robert Thompson, Superintendent of the Orchard and Kitchen Garden De- partment ......... XXXII. On the Cultivation of Brunsvigia Josephinae. By Charles Leach, King's Road, Clapham Park .... XXXIII. Note respecting the " Josling's St. Alban's " Grape. By Robert Thompson ....... XXXIV. On the Management of Forest-trees considered in relation to the Durability of Timber. By George Lovell, Gardener to the Marchioness of Hastings, F.H.S., at Eflfbrd House . XXXV. On Marl Hexagons, a new material for Garden Walks, with Slabs of the same for Edging. By Alexander Forsyth, C.M.H.S XXXVI. On the Cultivation of Vines in Greenhouses. By James Hutchison, Gardener to Colonel Scudamore, Kent Church Court, Herefordshire ....... New Plants, &c., froji the Society's Garden: — 1. Swammerdamia autennaria 2. Limnanthes rosea 3. ^schynanthus Paxtoni 4. Polygonum vacciniifolium 5. Cyclobothra monophylla 6. Abronia umbellata 7. Miltonia Karwinskii . 8. Brodiffia califomica . 9. Navarretia pubescens 10. Navarretia cotulsefolia 11. Limnanthes alba 12. Callistemon brachyandrum 13. Epidendrum gravidum 14. Coelia macrostachya . 15. Polygonum Brunonis 16. Wistaria Sinensis : alba 17. Coelogyne asperata 18. Mimulus tricolor 19. Nuttallia cerasiformis 20. Epidendrum fragrans 21. Cortusa Matthioli 22. Paeonia Moutan : versicolor 23. Paeonia Moutan : atrosanguinea 24. Ophrys vespifera 25. Ophrys mammosa Page 242 243 261 269 273 274 276 283 286 77 78 79 80 81 ib. 83 84 HI ib. 112 ib. 114 ib. 116 221 ib. 222 ib. 223 224 ib. 225 ib. 226 CONTENTS. 26. Azalea ramentacea 27. Eclievcria laxa . 28. Eclievcria farinosa . 20. Pinus Freuioutiaua 30. Ciipressiis Goveniaiia 31. Cupressus maerocarpa 32. Vagaria parviliora Page 291 292 lb. 293 295 296 298 Proceedings at Meetings of the Society, from September .5, 1848, to September 4, 1849. ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS. I. — The Coffee Bug and Coffee Mildeiv. The following extracts are from an official report on the state of Ceylon, communicated to the Society by Earl Grey. Tliey show the existence on that island of two formidable enemies to gardeners : the one a scale insect, the other a mildew plant, which may possibly visit our shores ; fragments of the plant, or of an allied species, having been already detected in this country, as is stated by the Rev. Mr. Berkeley, in the valuable report which lie has contributed upon the subject (see p. 7). Extracts f I om a Report by George Gardner, Esq., on the Coffee Blight of Ceylon, addressed to the Secretary to Government. <« Sir, " Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradenia, July 4, 1848. "Agreeably to the instructions contained in your letter to me of the 12th ultimo, I have the honour to inform you that I have visited the coffee districts therein mentioned, and collected such, information as I have been able regarding the nature, history, and effects of the ' brown scale,' or ' bug,' which for some years past has been infesting the coffee estates of the central province ; and now beg leave to lay before you, for the information of his Excellency the Governor, the following report : — " As it would be impossible to understand thoroughly the effects which the insect produces, without having a knowledge of its structure and functions, I shall, in the first instance, detail these, at least so much of them as I have been able to determine. " The first thing that attracts one's attention on looking at a coffee-tree which has for some time been infested with the ' bug,' is the number of brownish-coloured wart-like bodies that stud the young shoots, and occasionally the margins of the under side of the leaves. Each of these warts or scales is a trans- formed female ' bug,' containing a large number of eggs which are hatched within it. When the young ones come out from their nest they run about over the plant, looking very much like small woodlice, and at this period of their lives there is no dis- tinction between the male and the female. " Shortly after being hatched the males generally seek the under side of the leaves, while the females prefer the young shoots as a place of abode. In these localities they attach them- VOL. IV. B 2 corrEE bug and coffee mildew. selves to the cuticle of the plant, for the purpose of undergoing certain transformations, which, being different in the two sexes, will require to be described separately. "If the under surface of a young leaf of an infected coffee- tree be examined with the naked eye, it will be found to be studded, particularly on its lower half, Avith a number of minute yellowish white-coloured specks of an oblong form. These are the larva; of the males being transformed into piipcB beneath their own skin. Some of these specks are always in a more perfect state than others, the full-grown ones being of a whitish colour, and scarcely a line long. Of those which are of this size, some have a much more translucent appearance than others ; and if examined with a magnifier, will be found to be empty, the perfect animal having made its escape from it ; but if the darker coloured ones are examined in the same manner, the nearly per- fect insect will be found within it. In this state the animal is of an oblong form, of a yellowish colour, with the rudiment of a wing on each side attached to the lower part of the thorax, and closely applied to the sides. It has six legs, the four hind ones being directed backwards, and the two anterior ones forwards. It has two antennae, which are directed backwards, and from the tail protrude three short bristles, the middle one of which is both thicker and larger than the other two. " When the transformation has been completed, and the in- sect has reached its maturity, it makes its way out from beneath the pellucid case by which it was covered. All its organs have then reached their full size. The head is somewhat of a globular form, with two rather prominent black eyes in front, and two long antennae, each with 1 1 joints, hairy throughout, and with a tuft of a few longer hairs at their apices. The legs are also hairy. The wings are horizontal, of an obovate oblong shape, membranous, and a little longer than the bristles of the tail. They have only two nerves, neither of which reaches so far as the tips. One of them runs close to the external margin, and is much thicker than the other, which rvms at some distance from the internal margin. Being possessed of wings, the full-grown male is nmch less seldom seen on the coffee bushes than the female. " The female, like the male, attaches herself to the surface of the plant, the place selected being usually the young shoots, but she is also to be met with on the margins of the under side of the leaves. On the upper surface neither male nor female ever attach themselves. But unlike the male, which derives no nou- rishment from the juices of the plant, the female, as soon as slie lias fixed herself, punctures the cuticle with a proboscis which she has on her chest, and by which she abstracts the juices that nourish her. In the early pupa state of the female she is easily COFFEE BUG AND COFFEE MILDEW. 6 distinguished from the male, by being more elliptical, and much more convex. " As she increases in size the skin extends and becomes smooth and dry, the rings of the body become effaced, and losing entirely the form of an insect, she has for some time a yellowish pustule-like shape, but ultimately becomes of a roundish-conical form, and of a dark -brown colour. Until she has reached nearly her full size, she still possesses the power of locomotion, and her six feet are easily distinguishable on the under surface of her cor- pulent body ; but at no period of her existence has she wings. " It is about the period of attaining her full size that impregna- tion takes place, after which the scale becomes somewhat more conical, assumes a darker colour, and, at length, is permanently fixed to the surface of the plant by means of a cottony substance interposed between it and the cuticle to wliich it adheres, " The scale, when full grown, exactly resembles in miniature the hat of a Cornish miner, there being a narrow rim at the base which gives increased surface for attachment. It is about one line and a half in diameter, by about one line deep, and appears per- fectly smooth to the naked eye ; but when examined with a power- ful magnifier, it is found to be studded with very minute warts, which at first sight give it a dotted appearance. It is entirely destitute of hairs, except the margin of the rim, which is ciliated. " The number of eggs contained in one of these scales is enor- mous, amounting in one whicli I counted to no less than 691. The eggs are of an oblong shape, of a pale flesh colour, and per- fectly smooth. In some of tlie scales which I have examined, the eggs had just been hatched, and, when laid in the field of the microscope, exactly resembled those masses of life so often seen in dry old cheeses. " The insect, I find, belongs to the geims coccus, and is therefore a congener of that which produces the cochineal of commerce. So far as the only books witliin my reach enable me to judge, it seems to be the Coccus adonidum of Linnseus, which he mentions as being common on evergreen trees in Asia, such as the camellia, &c. He gives no description of the male, but his character of the female agrees pretty well with the coffee one, except in being less conical in the scale state. If not the .same, it is a very nearlj^ allied species. "It is not till after the pest has been on an estate for two or three years that it shows itself to any alarming extent. During the first year only a few of the ripe scales are seen scattered over the bushes, generally on the younger shoots, sometimes on the margins of the under side of the leaves ; but, should the trees be in bearing, most commonly on the footstalks of the berries. The crop this season does not suffer much, and the ap- B 2 4 COFFEE BUG AND COFFEE MILDEW. pearance of the tree is scarcely altered : the following year, how- ever, brings a change for the worse with it. The scales are found to have become more numerous, and if the young shoots and the under side of the leaves are examined, they will be found to be covered with numberless white specks, which prove to be the young scales in a more or less forward state. The clus- ters of berries liave assumed a black, smutty appearance ; have a more numerous crop of scales than during the previous year; and, if tlie clusters are watched, it will be found that a number of their berries fall ott' before coming to maturity. The general health of the tree now also begins to fail, and it acquires a blighted ap- pearance : a loss of crop is sustained, but not to any extent. " The third year brings about a still greater change. The whole plant has then assumed a deep black colour, having all the appearance of soot having been thrown over it in great quantities. This colour is caused by the growth of a black pa- rasitic fungus on the young shoots, and the upper surfaces of the leaves, where it forms a thin fibrous coating, not unlike a piece of velvet or felt. When this substance is examined with a pow- erful microscope, it is found to consist of a dense interlaced mesh of fibres, each made up of a single series of minute oblong vesicles applied end to end. It never makes its appearance on the tree till after the coccus or ' bug ' has been a long time on it, and is no doubt produced by the unhealthy state to which the plant has been reduced, owing to the vitiation of its juices by tiie insect. As certainly as tlie scale never ap|)ears on the upper surface of the leaf, so surely does the fungus never appear on the under one. " At this period the young shoots have an exceedingly dis- gusting look, from the dense mass of yellowish pustule-like scales that are forming on them. The leaves, in consequence of the abstraction of their juices alike by the animal and the vege- table parasite, become shrivelled and evidently diminished in size ; and the trees, which, in their healthy state, appeared to cover the ground, now seem to stand out singly. On the best trees thus infested, more than two-thirds of the crop are lost, and, on many, scarcely a berry is to be seen. *' Besides the ' scale,' there is another species of coccus some- times found on coffee-trees, but never t,o the same extent as the other. The female of this ivind never changes into a scale, but wraps herself up in a white cottony matter after impregnation, and there producing her eggs, dies. It has sometimes been ob- served on coffee estates previous to the appearance of the scale, but tliere is evidently no connexion between them. " So far as 1 have been able to ascertain, the coffee trees of the island were never affected vvitli the ' scale ' till the year COFFEE BUG AND COFFEE MILDEW. O 1843, when Captain Robertson first observed it on a few coffee bushes on his estate called Lapallagalla, This estate, together with a few otiiers, is situated immediately on the western boun- dary of the great central mountain range overlooking the country of the Four Korles, and the tract is known by the name of the Muruta district. Since then the pest has been gradually pro- gressing eastwards through the Dolisbagie, Ambegamoa, Kot- malee, Pusilava, Deltotte, Hunisgiria, and Knuckles districts ; but haA'ing only appeared \\ithin the last two years in the latter places, its ravages have not yet reached to the same extent in them as in the former ones. "The cause of the first appearance of the 'scale' on coffee bushes I found to be variously accounted for. Captain Robert- son's neighbours attribute its first introduction to the island to his having imported it on some Mocha coffee plants that he brought from Bombay. The superintendent of one of the estates near to Captain Robertson's having first seen it on some vigorous plants near the Coolie lines, ascribed its production to the rich manure supplied by the Coolies. Others, such as Mr. An- struther, believe it to be spontaneous in its origin, and that bad planting, allowing water to accumulate about the roots of the plant, has been the original cause of its production. " During my recent excursion it was ascertained that the coffee coccus now exists very abundantly on many otlier sorts of trees, giving them the same appearance and producing the same effect on them. Thus I have observed it on the lime, the guava, the myrtle, the rose, Careya arborea, and Vitex Negundo, the two last common roadside trees. It seems, however, very certain that until within the last five years it has not been known to attack the cofi'ee plant. In most of the districts that I have just visited the coffee trees of the villagers were found to be quite as much affected as tiiose in plantations. In the botanic garden at Peradenia there is scarcely a tree that is not infested to a degree. It is, therefore, scarcely possible not to believe that, had the insect been in existence in Ceylon previous to the present epi- demic, its effects should not have been observed at one period or another on the native coftfee. "If, as Mr. Anstruther supposes, the nature of the soil and bad planting have anything to do with its origin. Captain Ro- bertson's estate of Lapallagalla is one of the most likely I have seen in Ceylon to have given birth to it, or, if not that, at least to have aftbrded it an excellent field on which to begin its ravages. The soil of it, as well as of nearly all the surrounding estates, is of a stiff clayey nature, and consequently, the holes that were dug for the young plants must have acted like pots without outlets to contain the moisture that drained into them 6 COFFEE UUG AND COFFEE MILDEW. from tlie surface ; and tliat they must have been well supplied with moisture is certain, from the fact that the district is one of the most rainy in the island. The roots of the plants must also have found great difficulty in penetrating through the sides of the holes, and, indeed, the whole appearance of the trees shows that matters are not going on well with tliem at bottom. Nearly all of them have a lanky look, throw out few or no lateral shoots from their lower branches, and, on an average, only yield at the best of times from four to five cwt. of coffee per acre, or about one-!ialf of the usual crop of average estates in other districts. " On nearly all those estates where I have been able to trace the rise and progress of the epidemic, the coccus has been first observed in moist hollow places sheltered from the wind, and from thence has spread itself in all directions, even over the driest and most exposed localities. This is not, however, uni- versal, as on a few estates, such as those of Pen-y-lan and Da- kanyke, it first appeared on dry exposed places. That it prefers moist sheltered situations is certain, as, on the Lapallagalla and Muruta estates, Avhich, about a year ago, had become nearly free of the pest, it still clung in a very obvious manner to those trees that were situated by the side of little streams of water in hollows and ravines. " The extent of the injury caused by the epidemic was found to vary considerably in the different districts visited, but was always more or less in proportion to the lengtii of time it had been first observed." [Mr. Gardner describes in detail the ravages produced by the combined action of the coccus and the parasitical fungus ; they were so extensive as to cause Lord Torrington to speak of them in the following words : — ] " The effects are most serious ; one estate has been reported to me in which the production of a single season, wliich, calculated upon that of tlie previous one, ought to have been 2000 cwt,, fell suddenly to 700 cwt., the difference being destroyed in a few months by the bug, and to the present hour no improvement has taken place in its condition. Others have been more or less un- fortunate. In some the insect has disappeared partially, and par- tially returned ; and, in some few, wlience it has entirely passed away, the trees are now covered with fresh and healthy leaves and promise an abundant harvest, but unfortunately we are not in a condition to pronounce when this may not again be blighted by another visit from the bug." [No specimens of the insect are known to have reached this country. The parasitical plant has been sent to the Rev. Mr. Berkeley, who has furnished the Society with tlie following in- teresting account of it : — ] MOULD ATTACKING THE COFFEE PLANTATIONS IN CEYLON. II. — A Notice of a Mould attacking the Coffee Plantations in Ceylon. By the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, King's Cliffe, Wans- ford. (Communicated Sept. 2, 1848.) We are daily hearing- of fresh instances of the extensive preva- lence of blight and mildew in various forms in our fields and gardens at home, but it is curious that of late years intelligence has arrived of similar \dsitations from countries of quite a dif- ferent temperature. A few days since a letter dated Peradenia, July 9th of the present year, was received from IMr. Gardner, of Ceylon, to the following effect : "I write in great haste merely to ask you to be kind enough to let me know at your earliest con- venience what species of fungus the inclosed is. It is at present overrunning the greater part of the coffee estates in Ceylon. It is caused by a species of ' scale ' or ' bug,' which first began to appear about five years ago, and it is not till the ' bug ' has been on the trees for upwards of a year that the fungus makes its appearance." The leaves are completely covered ^vith a black sooty wash, and the trees must be in a sad plight ; for not only are they smo- thered with the fungus, but they are weighed down with masses of a gelatinous lichen belonging to the genus Collema or some closely allied group, which, though merely forming small radiated black specks when dry, on the application of moisture instantly swells and increases immensely in volume. Mr. Gardner's observation that the fungus is always preceded by an insect is exactly in accordance with what often takes place in similar affections here. Nothing is more common than for orange trees and other smooth-leaved exotics to suffer from some form of Fumago, which is in every instance, I believe, preceded by a coccus, except possibly where there has been an exusion of honey-dew, and it appears that the visitation which has been so serious in the orange plantations of the Azores and Madeira has exhibited the same connexion between the plant and insect. There is great reason to believe that many of these plao-ues are in the first instance imported, and we know that some vege- table productions of foreign extraction and some insects also become peculiarly luxuriant and abundant in their new cpiarters — a fact which will account in some instances for the sudden rise of visitations which were before unknown. Dr. Morrea has stated his conviction that Botrytis infestans, of which so much has been heard of late years, is an importation, and the notion is at least worthy of consideration. There is a curious prejudice in the "West Indies against all garden-plants, and in the sugar plantations, if the proprietor leaves, the first step b MOULD ATTACKING THE COIFKE PLANTATIONS IN CEALON. is always to destroy everything in tiie neighbouring garden, a custom which, tliough arising evidently from exaggerated fears, may not be altogether void of foundation in experience. Mr. Gardner supposed on a mere cursory inspection that the fungus, as is the case in some other forms of Fuiliago, belonged to the genus Antennaria ; but this is not the case, the parasite really belonging to Corda's curious genus Triposporivmi, a few threads of which have been found in similar cases of blight in England, but merely scattered amongst other moulds, so as not to enable me to ascertain whetlier the species is the same with that from Ceylon, whicli is however quite distinct from tiie original species of Corda, wliich has been found by Mr. Broome on oak chips near Bristol, and of which Corda has given a splendid figure in his Pracht-Flora. I subjoin a sketch and specific characters of Mr. Gardner's species. Triposporium Gardneri, N. s. ; mycelium densely interwoven, fertile tlneads shorf, spores elongated, Tlie figure rejjresents at a a portion magnified, in wliich it will be seen that tlie spores are sometimes elongated at the apex, and proliferous ; and at b one of the triple spores Ijiglily magnified. TKEATMENT OF EPIPHYTAL OKCHIDS. III. — Notes on the Proper Treatment of Epiphytal Orchids. By George Gordon, A.L.S., Superintendent of the Ornamental Department in the Society's Garden. (Commuuicated November, 1848.) Perhaps no tribe of plants has attracted more notice, even from common observers, than Orchids ; yet, notwithstanding this, little seems to have been understood in regard to their treatment or natural habits, until Dr. Lindley published an instructive paper on the subject many years ago in the Society's Transactions; and, altliough a good deal of what was then supposed to be im- portant has since proved incorrect, more especially as to the amount of heat and moisture which shovild be given them,^ still these instructions first afforded the true principles and rules to be observed in tlieir culture. Now, however, that the true nature and habits of Orchids are better understood, it is found that, like other plants, they require rest or repose, and that much heat and moisture together, unless judiciously given and at proper seasons, are absolutely injurious to them. The maximum of heat and moisture is only required when the plants are in a vigorous state of growth, and at no other time ; but it is now pretty well under- stood by good cultivators, that a great variation, both in tem- perature and moisture, is required during the whole year, and that without it Orchids cannot be kept in perfect health and vigour for any length of time. These variations, however, must be entirely independent of such changes as take place between the day and night temperatures at any season of the year ; they should agree with the variations in the climate in which the plants grow naturally, and where Orcliids have at least two prin- cipal seasons, a dry season of rest, and a moist one, to grow and flower in ; for heat has very little effect on them unless accom- panied by moisture. In the following observations I shall endeavour to point out the advantage of growing Orchids in a comparatively cool and dry atmosphere over the plan of keeping them, as is frequently the case, in a hot and damp climate more like that of an Indian jungle than anything else. In such a climate, the flowers, when produced, last a much shorter time in perfection, and if the plants are removed when in bloom to a cooler situation, they suffer greatly by coming in contact with a drier atmosphere. I need hardly refer to the several kinds of tender plants which flourish so well in, and decorate our flower-beds and borders in summer and autumn, in order to show how plants may be made to adapt themselves to a mucli lower mean temperature than that in which they are often kept, if they are properly treated and 10 TUEATMENT OF EI'IPIIYTAL ORCHIDS. means eraploj'ed to attain that end : this fact is flimiliar to every one who raises tender plants in heat and afterwards hardens them so as to witiistand tlie open air. In the following instrnctions I have for convenience divided the subject into six heads : — 1st. The most suitable structures for growing' Orchids in ; the mode of heating and ventilating those structures ; day -shading, and night covering. 2nd. Atmosphere, temperature, and effects of climate on Orchids. 3rd. Soil, time of shifting, situation in the house, watering, and propagation. 4th. Treatment when out of health or when fresh imported. 5th. How to destroy insects injurious to them. 6th. A selection of fifty of the most desirable kinds, with their time of flowering, and proper treatment, &c. 1. The Orchid-house. In constructing a house for the special cultivation of Epi- phytal Orchids, attention should be paid to having a thorough command over the means by which internal heat and moisture are produced, with plenty of power at all times to increase or diminish tlie same, for upon this much depends ; as to suitable- ness of structure, a large or lofty house is ill adapted for Orchids, because during very hot dry weather in summer, and severe frost in winter, when strong fires are required as well as in windy and long-continued cold damp weather, at all seasons, it will be found very difficult to keep the atmosphere in a proper state, as regards either heat or moisture. But on the contrary, a small house has other objections, though not so great, such as sudden changes from drought to excess of moisture, and from heat to cold, cir- cumstances depending in a great measure upon the state of the external atmosphere ; besides, a small structure is not spacious enough for large specimen jilants. I would therefore recom- mend a house of medium size, which should be divided into two compartments, one for Orchids from the Western hemisphere, and which naturally grow in a lower temperature and drier atmosphere ; the other for Eastern varieties, which naturally require more heat and moisture, particularly when in a growing state, and also for all others when in a vigorous state of growth. In fact tiie different kinds, spread as they are over the- tropical parts of the Eastern as well as Western hemispheres, are sub- jected to great variation of temperature, both as regards heat and moisture. The house may be placed to face any direction between south- TREATMENT OF EPIPHYTAL ORCHIDS. 11 east and south-west. It should be span-roofed, but not over wide, 14 feet high in the centre, and forming an angle not exceeding 30^, but as near as possible that pitch ; there should be no upright sashes on either sides, but it should have glazed ends. The interior should be fitted up with slate stages and shelves, those in the centre having a heated chamber underneath, closed in, but with ventilators to allow the heat to escape into the house when required. In heating nothing is better than hot water in 4-inch pipes, which should enter at the end and run round the house in a double row. The centre chamber should be heated by one flow and return pipe only. Open gutters in the house, or inside the chamber, are objectionable on account of their being incapable of producing heat wdthout moisture, the latter being in general too plentifully supplied ; for the quantity required of this as well as of heat must at all times depend upon the state of the external atmosphere. Conical boilers are in general most efficient, when properly set; but much of their value, like that of all other kinds of boilers, depends upon their not requiring so much attendance as others. All Orchid-houses should have two boilers fitted to the pipes, in order that, if any accident happens to the one, the other may be in readiness to be used, or both together in severe frosty weather. With regard to ventilation too much caution cannot be observed, for in no case should direct currents of cold air be allowed to enter the house : therefore the best mode of ventila- tion is at or near the top through the upper lights, which may be made to run down or push outwards at their lowest end, and thus allow the over-heated air to escape. The supply of fresh air required is but small, and may be admitted by small aper- tures (furnished with ventilators) in the front and back walls as near the ground as possible and below the hot-water pipes, so that the fresh air may be warmed in passing among and over the hot pipes. Moisture must be obtained by occasionally pouring water over the shelves, hot-water pipes, and from small earthen evaporating- pans placed over the pipes at their hottest ends. Shading will be found to be indispensable in bright sunshine ; the necessity for this will be more apparent when it is remem- bered that in all hot and damp climates the sun's rays are greatly obstructed by the amount of vapour which floats in the air. Shading will also be found of great service when the external atmosphere is very hot and dry ; it prevents internal evaporation from going on too quickly, and keeps the foliage of a brighter green. If Orchids are much exposed to sunshine in summer 12 TRKATMENT OF EPIPHYTAL OECIIIDS. tliey are i=;ure to assume a brownish colour, wliich looks un- healthy ; shading, however, should only be used during bright sunshine, in summer, and autumn ; it should by no means be kept on for the season, as is frequently the case; on the contrary, it should be removed every afternoon to allow the plants the uninterrupted light of the evenings and mornings when the sun is not too powerful. The best sliading is strong canvas on rollers, which should be made to unrol from the bottom of the roof upwards, for fre- quently the lower portion of the house only requires to be shaded. In glazing, all the laps should be made quite close, and large squares of glass should be avoided ; at least wide ones, not only on account of their being liable to breakage, but if the squares are narrow less sliading is required. Tliere can be little doubt that if an Orchid-house was glazed with rough plate-glass, shading might be dispensed with altogether, or nearly so, and with advantage to the plants. Night-covering on the outside of the house is very desirable in winter ; this may easily be effected by placing a waterproof kind of canvas on the rollers which are used for the shading. The best way to prevent excessive dryness at night is to lower the temperature produced by fire-heat as much as possible ; and this can only be done with safety when some external covering is used ; for the temperature of the glass in the roof of a hothouse at night, when fully exposed, is exactly the mean of the external and internal air, and consequently in very cold weather and when there is moisture floating in the internal atmosphere, it becomes a great condenser, and dries the air of the house much faster than it otherwise would be. This an outer covering prevents, in a great measure, and it also tends nmch to obviate drip. The plan of having climbing plants trained over the roof is objectionable, for in general the plants are too much confined, receive too much moisture and heat, grow too luxuriantly, and consequently seldom flower in perfection ; besides they require much attention to keep them in order and to free them from insects, and at certain times they produce too much shade. 2. Atmosphere, Temperature, Sjc. The most obvious defects in the present management of Orchid- houses consist in the want of attention to their atmosphere, particularly as regards moisture, for the plants in such structures derive the greater part of their subsistence from the vapour of the house; much more, therefore, depends upon this point in TREATMENT OF EPIPHYTAL ORCHIDS. 13 the cultivation of tliese plants than most persons seem to be aware of. "When the plants are exposed to every change of temperature and humidity, they are liable to suffer, and this in proportion to their luxuriance. Great attention, therefore, sliould be paid to the state of the atmosphere, and, as I have already said, to having at command ample means of producing an abundance of heat or moisture, the one to counteract the other, whenever either may be in excess. AYhen an excess of moisture takes place, admit external air freely, raising the temperature at the same time ; wfien dryness prevails, reduce the temperature and increase moisture by evaporation ; for the amount of exhalation from the foliage depends upon two cir- cumstances, the saturation of the air and the velocity of its motion when dry. Damp air, or floating moisture of long con- tinuance, would be detrimental to the plants, for it is absolutely necessary to health that the process of transpiration should pro- ceed freely under all circumstances. In a confined atmosphere like that in which Orchids grow, it might be found beneficial to the health of the plants if a small quantity of ammonia or carbonic acid were set free in the air, or dissolved in the water used in syringing the plants, both these substances being very soluble. The latter might be applied to the air, by placing large pieces of fresh chalk or limestone on the shelves, and pouring sulphuric acid, diluted, over them ; shallow pans, filled with oats or barley beginning to vegetate, are also beneficial to plants confined in a warm damp atmosphere. In managing the temperature of an Orchid-house, some have been misled by fancying, that because the inmates come from what is called a " tropical climate," they should naturally be kept very hot and moist at all times ; others again imagine that those from the hotter and damper parts cannot be advantageously cultivated in the same house with those from drier and cooler stations. Now in all places where epiphytal Orchids are found, there are at least two seasons, a dry and a damp, with transitions from each ; and although the transitions may be but of short duration, yet they represent spring and autumn. Orchids, there- fore, like other plants, have the power of adapting themselves to ciianges of climate and locality, both as regards heat, shade, moisture, and full exposure to bright light, and they will even endure a certain degree of cold. Laelia majalis grows upon oaks in the mountains of Mexico, where the ground in the cool season is sometimes covered with hoar frost. Such low tem- perature, however, must always be endured at the expense of vigour. Again, plants, natives of a colder climate, may be grown in a far warmer one than ever they were subjected to in their natural state, provided at all times the extra heat 14 TKEATMKXT OF EPIPHYTAL ORCHIDS. and moisture are judiciously applied, and only when the plants are in full vigour and in good health ; so we find that air plants, although naturally subjected to a high temperature, may, with proper precautions, be grown witli advantage in a much lower one ; and as all plants grown in a lower tem- perature than their natural one require less moisture, so Or- chids, in a cool atmosphere, should be kept drier during a certain period of the year ; an increase of moisture should only be given with an increase of heat, and that only in the growing season. It should be recollected that no plants can exist for any very great length of time without rest, and tliat rest is induced in a tropical climate by drought, in the same way as low temperature in our own country suspends vital energy : therefore Orchids must be subjected to the usual seasonable clianges of rest and activity. Rest is induced by withholding moisture from their roots, and partly from the air, and this state of things may be considered to rejoresent their winter. Spring sliould be imitated by gradually reviving vital energy by increase of moisture, first to the atmosphere, and afterwards to the roots or soil, accompanied by a proportionate increase of temperature : this period of their growth should be very slow. Summer must be represented by a greater increase of both heat and moisture ; partial shade should also be resorted to to bring the energy of the plant into full force. And lastly, an autumn must be cre- ated to bring about maturity, by gradually reducing the quantity of both heat and moisture, until the plants are again brought to a fit state for repose. The first and last stages should be of but short duration, and require caution, otherwise much mischief may be done to the plants. By growing Orchids in the mean instead of maximum of heat and moisture, they will not make such rapid growth ; but they will become more robust and healthy, and be less liable to receive injury from sudden transitions, either of heat, drought, or moisture, in the atmosphere. The temperature of the house can only with certainty be kept regular by night, particularly in summer ; therefore the fire should never raise the heat of the principal house higher than 60°, and about five degrees less shoidd be maintained where the plants are in a less excitable state : but as the days lengthen, so the temperature may rise; yet it should if possible never range higher than 75° by night in summer ; it will occasionally, how- ever, be higher in very warm weather, and should be counteracted as much as possible by evaporation and ventilation by night, and by both, as well as by shading, by day. Injury is often effected by a sudden rise of temperature by fire heat in winter, while little or none is caused if the rise is occasioned by sun- TREATMENT OF EPIPHYTAL ORCHIDS. 15 heat : care should therefore be taken to guard against a rise of temperature by fire heat, particularly in midwinter ; rather suffer a depression of a few degrees of heat in very severe weather than use over-strong fires, which will over dry the atmosphere, and, on tlie other hand, create too much moisture if water is supplied. Moisture, however, is by no means injurious to Or- chids, provided they can part with it freely, but they are im- patient of stagnant damp. When in a dormant state, they should receive no more moisture than is sufficient to prevent their leaves from shrivelling : hence many of the more tender kinds do much better on blocks of wood suspended from the roof, where they can part with the superabundant moisture freely, than in pots. Nature herself indeed sets us an example to follow in regard to moisture, for we find, where the atmosphere is saturated with moisture (and a truly moist atmosphei'e cannot exist without a corresponding amount of heat), that the Orchids climb the loftiest trees; but as the climate becomes drier, so they descend, until at last they are to be found growing upon the surface of the ground or upon rocks in shady places. Epiphytal Orchids may be divided into three classes, so far as situation is concerned, viz., those which grow on the bare branches of trees, and that require a very moist and warm atmos- phere ; those which require a light fibry material to cover their roots, and a cooler and drier atmosphere ; and those that like a cool atmosphere, and require a rich vegetable mould, re- tentive of moisture, to grow in. The first, like the old air plant (Aerides odoratum), have true aerial roots, and are principally from the hot damp parts of the East ; the second kinds come from the milder tracts, particularly of the AVestern hemi- sphere ; while the third are those from an atmosphere cool and dry, and which seek refuge on the ground. 3. Soil, Sfc. More diflPerence of opinion exists upon this point than upon any other item of their culture, and it is certainly one deserving of attention ; for although it may be of little or no importance to an air plant whether it is grown in rich or poor soil, so far as nutriment is concerned, still it is necessary to know whether the soil, or whatever its roots may be surrounded by (some use nothing but broken potsherds in very small pieces), is retentive or not of moisture, and whether it parts freely with the same to the surrounding atmosphere when required. The best material is that which is not retentive of moisture, nor liable to become stagnant, or what is termed sour, and that which, under the in- 16" TREATMENT OF EPIPHYTAL OECHIDS. flueuce of a clamp and warm atmospliere, resists decay loiij^est. It will therefore be found, that very fibry peat, obtained fresh from tlie common, freed from all small particles of peaty mat- ter, is most suitable for the purpose. Tiie latter process may easily be accomplished by beating it when it is dry. The fibre should be left a few days to dry before it is used, and afterwards, when required, it should be mixed with a few half-decayed leaves, which must be quite dry and free from any small pieces of stick that rot and breed fungi in the soil. When shifting, or fresh potting, be particular to drain well, especially for tliose grown in pots. If the plant is to be kept in a pot, always place a small inverted pot in the bottom of the other, and fill round the sides and over the inverted pot vmtil the pot is filled with potsherds to within three inches of the rim ; then put in a sufficient portion of the roughest fibre to slightly elevate the plant above the rim, and cover up the roots (if they require so doing) with the fibry mixture, pressing it rather firmly round the stems, but in no other part, more par- ticularly near the outside. In shifting, remove all the old soil from the roots, when such can be done without injury, and in all cases allow the plants to become rather dry for a few days prior to the operation, and for a like time afterwards before moisture is applied ; which should be, first to the atmosphere sparingly, and afterwards to the roots or the soil. No season can be i-ecommended as the proper one for shifting Orchids, but generally it may be done shortly after the plants have commenced forming young or fresh roots, and which in general will be some time after they have flowered, and just before they commence a fresh growth. All the plants should be shifted at least once every two years ; but when, and the length of time between the shiftings in some cases, will entirely depend upon circumstances. One thing, however, is certain, that whenever the soil becomes in any way sodden, or when the plant has lost its roots from having become over dry, shifting at once is the best remedy. Top dressing ;dso is very necessary at times, particularly with very large plants ; but if small ones require anything, remove the soil entirely. "With respect to those kinds which require to be grown upon blocks of wood or in baskets, less danger is likely to accrue from a slight excess of moisture, when they are in a growing state, than from a want of it ; therefore sphagnum, or rough fibry peat, should be fastened round the blocks, or placed about the roots in the centre of the baskets, in order to retain sufficient moisture when the atmosphere becomes too dry. TREATMENT OF EPIPHYTAL ORCHIDS. 17 The blocks on which the plants are grown should be of those kinds like the apple or pear, with a smooth surface, and in a fresh state when the plants are fastened upon them. The fast- enings should be eftected by copper wire and nails ; old dry blocks^ with rough bark, or charred ones, are bad, on account of their easily becoming too dry, particularly the charred ones, whose black surface absorbs heat, which is injurious to the young roots, especially in summer. Native plants, which frequently spring up about the roots of Orchids, on blocks or in baskets, are useful indexes to the state of the soil as regards moisture in summer, for they soon flag with lack of moisture. Blocks or baskets are perhaps, in the majority of cases, best for true Epiphytal Orchids, but on these they require more at- tention, in regard to moisture, than when grown in pots. In tlie case of Stanhopeas, however, it is absolutely requisite to grow them upon blocks, as their flowers grow downwards. Again with Aerides, and all true air plants having thick fleshy aerial roots, it is necessary to place them upon blocks or in baskets, and to suspend them from the roof, so that their roots may grow freely in the damp atmosphere, for if confined under the soil they soon perish. Fibry peat, moss, or sphagnum, when used for the purpose of covering the roots, is of no other use than that of retaining moisture. Sphagnum and moss of all kinds is bad, if not fully exposed to the atmosphere, and soon becomes mouldy : it should only be used on blocks or on the outsides of the baskets. In suspending the blocks, always place them perpendicularly, and the baskets quite horizontally; and invariably have them* taken down and examined every third day in summer, and once a week in winter, to see if they want watering. This must be done independently of syringing, for some parts of the blocks may be found to be quite moist enough, while other parts are dry. Some Orchids are the better for being placed near the glass when in a state of rest, and for being fully exposed to the light for a short time, particularly such plants as Barkerias, Stanhopeas, and other deciduous or subdeciduous kinds ; it is a mistake to suppose that all Orchids should be rested during winter — each should be rested when it naturally requires it, whether it be winter or summer ; some kinds bloom during the winter months, and consequently require rest at another season. Lselias are of this kind. The soil of plants in pots, when placed upon the smooth surface of slate shelves, is apt to become too moist during winter, owing to the water not being able to pass off" freely through the hole in the bottom of the pots, or from their absorbing VOL. IV. c 18 TUEATMENT OF EPIPHYTAL ORCHIDS. moisture from tlie shelves : this evil is, however, easily obviated bv placing small square pieces of lathwood under the pots, ^vhich allows the superfluous moisture to pass off freely. "Watering, or the supplying moisture to the plants, should be done witli much caution, particularly with respect to the kinds which have large leathery permanent leaves and less succulent stems, like Cattleyas, &c. ; for in many cases, when given over head, the water collects upon the leaves and afterwards runs down into the hearts of the young shoots and rots them. Heavy syringing, or watering over head, except in very dry weather, even though with care, is objectionable, more particularly in autumn. When the plants are large. Orchids are easily increased by di- viding them into pieces, each having a portion of the root attached to it, and a young bud at the base of the pseudo-bulb. This should be done when the plants have just commenced growing. The hard dry woody stems of Cattleyas, Laelias, and similar sorts, should be partly cut through with a sharp knife some time pre- vious to removal ; old pseudo-bulbs seldom grow when separated, therefore always choose a young bulb, and one from the outside of the plant, having a fresh bud at its base, 4. Treatment of fresh imported plants, S)C. Orchids, when newly imported from their native country, or which have become sickly from improper treatment or otlier causes, require the same kind of management to bring them into health. The best way to efiect this is to lay them on some dry » moss, and place them in a shady part of the stove, or in some close pit where there is but little moisture in the atmosphere, and where they can remain until they show signs of growth. The atmosphere surrounding them, and the moss, should be gradually moistened, first their leaves, and stems after\vards, for nothing is more fatal to fresh imported plants than much mois- ture ; but when they begin to emit new roots, treat them in the same way as plants recovering from a state of rest. Most Orchids perfect their foliage first, and flowers afterwards, whether on annual or deciduous stems, or otherwise ; and when any plant blooms profusely it seldom recovers its vigour again before the second season, more especially if its blooming has been pro- longed much beyond the usual time. Removing the plants when in bloom to a cool dry place, and keeping them for a long time in bloom, is injurious, particularly if they have pre- viously been subjected to a high temperature and much mois- ture ; such treatment should therefore be avoided as mucli as possible. TREATMENT OF EPIPHYTAL ORCHIDS. 19 5. Insects. In building an Orchid-house it is very desirable to have no crevices or apertures left in any part of the walls, or round the pipes, in which insects can harbour ; if such is the case little hopes can be entertained of effectually ridding the house of such pests as the cockroach, or even of keeping them sufficiently under. The cockroach, which is the greatest enemy to Orchids, only feeds by night, or in the dark ; he frequently finds his way into the interior of the pots amongst the broken crocks, and eats all the young roots unseen. These pests delight in the hottest parts of the house, either in a moist or dry heat ; their food is chiefly the tender points of the young roots and flower buds, and it is amazing the mischief a single insect will do in one night, for if the points of tlie young roots are once eaten off", the root is rendered of no service to the plant until it again forms a fresh point. The cockroach, however, is by no means nice as to his food, for he sometimes has no objection to eat his dead companion ; he will also eat any kind of fat or greasy matter, and this is sometimes mixed with arsenic for his destruction, but with little success, for he certainly prefers the tender points of the roots to such food. Some employ toads and frogs to catch them, but these are slow, and the cockroach is very nimble : they therefore seldom come into contact. I have found from experience that the only way to destroy, or at least to keep such pests from doing any great damage, is to constantly look after tliem every evening after dark, and particularly in the winter time, and kill them ; this may easily be done if there are no crevices in the walls or round the pipes for them to escape into. The woodlouse is another pest to Orchids : he may easily be trapped in the usual way in the dark and damp corners, or he may be fed with slices of potato placed upon the surface of the pots. As these insects feed in the daytime as well as at night, they are easily destroyed. Our next pest is the small brown ants, which, if not kept under, in time, become so numerous as sometimes to entirely destroy the plants. They are day enemies, however, and are easily de- stroyed by arsenic in the following way : pound some loaf sugar very fine, and mix with it a small portion of arsenic ; then grind the mixture on a smootli piece of slate with the face of a hammer into an impalpable powder, so that the little creatures cannot separate the sugar from the arsenic ; then take some small pieces of wliite card paper, put as much upon each as would lie upon a shilling, and place it near where the ants frequent. The dose c2 20 TREATMENT OF EPIPHYTAL OKCHIDS. must be repeated whenever any again appear, as tlie pupae left behind are hatched after the old ones are destroyed. The slug, or small snail, which is also destructive to Orchids, may be trapped with lettuce leaves placed amongst the pots ; it feeds after dark, and should be sought for in the evening by candle light. The red spider, tlirips, and different kinds of scale, may all be destroyed by syringing the leaves, first with warm water, and afterwards with a weak solution of tobacco-water and sulphur. With attention, therefore, all these pests may be kept under : persevere constantly until you have entirely exterminated them, and afterwards make all fresh received plants do quarantine before they are admitted into the house. Fumigation is requisite in simimer and autumn ; for the small black or green fly sometimes makes its appearance upon the flower stems. Blowing tobacco-smoke with the bellows into the crevices and holes in the wall will also be found the best means of driving the cockroach from his hiding place in the daytime. Washing the leaves with a sponge and warm water (not hot) regularly every ten days, will prevent the increase of all such pests as the scale, red spider, thrips, &c., and it will at the same time greatly tend to keep the plants in health and vigour. 6. Selection of fifty hinds. To make a selection of Orchids to suit everybody's taste would be a difficult task, more especially from so extensive a family, in which, from the worthless weed to the perfection of floral beauty, tliere is every variety of form and colour. Be- sides, some of the least attractive to look at are the most fra- grant ; while again some of the largest and most gaudy flowered kinds are so transient as only to last for a few hours in a perfect state. In the following list I have selected the most showy genera only, and in those the most free growing kinds, having an eye to preserving as much variation as possible both in appearance and time of flowering. The latter, however, like that of most other plants, may be varied by encouraging them to make early and rapid growth, and on this account they will be sooner in a fit state to receive rest ; they may consequently be made to bloom earlier next season, and if once got into an early state they will retain the same under a regular system of treatment afterwards, while, on the other hand, their season of flowering may be re- tarded by keeping them a little longer than their usual time in a state of repose. Their seasons of flowering under different kinds of treatment may therefore be varied very much, although TREATMENT OF EPIPHYTAL ORCHIDS. 21 in their natural state they mark with the greatest regularity the returning seasons, regardless of the state of the weather. In the following list I have omitted some very beautiful kinds, such as Miltonia Karwinskii, Vanda Batemanni, Vanda Lowei, and others, on account of their great rarity; also others on account of the difficulty experienced in cultivating them ; of this latter class is Epidendruni bicornutum. In conclusion I would observe tliat all directions are vain unless they are rigidly at- tended to. The great art in cultivating aerial plants consists in guarding against all extremes, whether of heat, moisture, dryness, or low temperature : for although one kind naturally may stand cold and another heat, and a third drought, and a fourth moisture in extremes, still tliese are bad precedents, and he who wishes to excel in Orcliid culture will always choose the happy medium. 1. Phalcenopsis amahilis. — This Queen of Orchids comes from Manilla, and produces its large round pure white flowers in compound spikes nearly all the year round in succession. It is best grown upon a bare block with a smooth surface, and fully exposed to the light, in rather a warm and damp part of the house, but where there is no stagnant moisture. 2. Odontoglossum grande comes from Guatemala, and pro- duces its very large flowers in an upright spike in September and October. The flowers are mottled and striped with brown and yellow like the back of a tiger ; tiie lip is wiiite, edged with light purple. It is best grown in a well-drained pot or on a rugged block surrounded with the fibre of fresh peat and half- decayed leaves. It is impatient of stagnant moisture at all times, and should be grown in a fully exposed cool part of the house like the former. Its flowers remain long in perfection, but are scentless. 3. Cattleya Skinneri, a lovely Guatemala plant, produces its large rosy-purple flowers in heads of six or eight together in February and March. It is best grown in a pot in fibry peat with a few half-decayed leaves, and should be placed at the warmest end of the house ; it wants little shade or moisture ex- cept in the growing season. The flowers remain two or three weeks in perfection, but are without scent. It is the " Flor de San Sebastian " of the Guatemalese. 4. Cattleya 3Iossi(e, a magnificent plant, of which there arc many varieties, has the largest flowers of all t]ie Cattleyas. Its flowering time is from INIay to August, the blossoms being of 22 TREATMENT OF EPIPHYTAL OKCHIDS. every shade of colour, from pale pink to deep rosy purple, and veined with yellow in the centre, according to the variety. They remain about ten days in perfection, if kept free from moisture, and are fragrant. It requires the same kind of treatment as the preceding ; it comes from La Guayra. Stagnant moistui'e is very injurious to the young shoots. 5. Cattleya crisjm, which has two or three varieties, flowers in July and August. The flowers are pure white, with a purple lip beautifully curled at the edge ; they remain in perfection about ten days, if kept in rather a dry atmosphere. It requires the same kind of treatment as the two preceding, and is from Brazil. 6. Oncidium Lanceanum flowers in June, July, and August. The flowers, very showy, are bright yellow, blotched with crimson ; the lip rich violet. It should either be placed in a rustic basket or on a rugged block of wood, and should be sur- rounded by fibry peat, and suspended from the roof of the house, where it can have plenty of light, heat, and moisture during the growing season. It is from Surinam ; fragrant and durable. 7. Oncidium sphacelatiim ?najus is a neat free-flowering variety, witli rather small but numerous yellow flowers, banded with dark brown. It flowers in May and June, and is best grown in a pot in fibry peat, with plenty of drainage, and at the coldest end of the house. It is from Honduras ; it remains long in perfection, but is scentless. 8. Oncidium guttatum flowers in May and June, and some- times later ; there are some varieties of it. The flowers, very showy, are thickly placed on dense branched spikes, yellowish green spotted with dark brown, the lip being still darker and self-coloured. It is best grown in a pot in the coolest part of the house ; it is from Jamaica, and remains long in perfection. 9. Miltonia spectabilis. — This fine Brazilian plant produces its large flat solitary flowers in August and September ; they are yellowish white, the lip ricli purple and yellow ; there is a variety of it which is all purple. It is best grown in a pot in fibry peat, with plenty of heat and light, and but little moisture except in the growing season. Its flowers remain nearly a month in perfection. 10. 3Iiltonia Candida, var. grandijtora, produces its showy flowers in simple spikes, the flowers being of a deep rich brown, TREATMENT OF EPIPHYTAL OPvCHIDS. 23 spotted at the extremities with yellow ; the lip is white. The variety is double the size of that belonging to the original species. Like the preceding, it comes from Brazil, and requires the same kind of treatment. It remains nearly a month in perfection. 11. Lycaste Skinneri, a very showy Guatemala plant, which produces its large solitary flowers from November to April. In colour the blossoms vary from pale flesh to rosy purple, the centre being deep crimson. It is best grown in a pot filled with the fibre out of peat, mixed with a few half-decayed leaves. It should be placed in a cool part of the house, where there is plenty of light, but little moisture except during the growing season ; its flowers are scentless, but remain nearly a month in per- fection. 12. Lycaste cruenta is also a desirable species, which flo ers in February and March, and is from the same country as the last. The flowers are produced singly, and are deep yellow or orange, with a dark crimson mark in the centre. Like the pre- ceding, it succeeds best in a pot, and in the same kind of ma- terial ; it should be kept in the coolest part of the house, where it has plenty of light, and little heat and moisture, except during the growing season, when it should have a liberal supply. Its flowers remain long in perfection, and are very fragrant. 13. Barkeria spectabilis, an elegant little plant from Guate- mala, which flowers in June and July. The blossoms are pro- duced in short spikes, and are rosy pink or blush, dotted with deep crimson. It succeeds best on a bare block of wood sus- pended near the glass, where it can enjoy plenty of light and little heat or moisture, except in the growing season. Its flowers (scentless) remain long in perfection. 14. Saccolabium guttatum, one of the most beautiful of Orchids, from the hotter parts of India ; it flowers at different times from May to August, the flowers being in very close dense spikes, white and beautifully spotted with deep rosy purple. The lip is purple. It does best on a block, or in a basket, with its roots fully exposed, and suspended near the roof, where there is plenty of heat, light, and moisture, particularly during the grow- ing season. This plant requires very little repose ; it remains long in bloom. 15. Lcvlia suj)erbiens.' — A magnificent Orchid from Guate- mala, which remains in flower from November to January ; the fllowers are produced in clusters of from eight to sixteen, on stiff 24 TREATMENT OF EPIPHYTAL ORCHIDS, stems from five to seven feet in length ; the blossoms are large and bright rosy purple. It succeeds best fastened on a large rugged block hung up in a cool airy part of the house, where it can have plenty of light and little moisture. The fliowers remain a long time in perfection. [A specimen in the Garden of the Society has had seven such spikes open at the same time — a spectacle of unrivalled beauty.] 16. Lcelia Perrinii. — An elegant plant from Brazil, which flowers in October and November ; the blossoms, three or four together, are produced on short stems, and are light purple witli a crimson lip. It is best grown in a pot, in fibry peat and half-decayed leaves, in a cool part of the house, where there is but little moisture, except in the growing season, at which time it requires a liberal supply of both that and heat. The flowers remain a considerable time in perfection, and are somewhat fragrant. 17. Lcelia anceps. — A beautiful Mexican species, which flowers in November and December ; the blooms arci produced, two or tliree together, at the end of a slender stem, two or three feet in length ; they are large, rosy lilac, with the lip veined with crimson and yellow. It succeeds best on a rugged block, surrounded with fibry peat and suspended in a cool, airy, light part of the house. Its flowers remain long in perfection; they are but slightly fragrant. 18. Ccelogyne cristata. — A native of the Khoosea hills of India ; it flowers in April and May ; the blossoms, somewliat large, are white and yellow, stained in some parts with pink. It is best grown upon a block, surrounded with fibry peat and half-decayed leaves, and placed in a cool, airy part of the house. Its flowers remain long in perfection, and are very fragrant. 19. Cvelogyne Wallickkma. — A charming little Orchid from the same locality as the last ; it flowers in September and October, and is one of the dwarfest, not being more than two or three inches in height ; nevertheless, it has very large solitary, deep rose-coloured flowers. It succeeds best on a block, surrounded with fibry peat and half-decayed leaves, and placed in a cool, airy part of the house, near the light ; it requires much attention, the pseudo-bulbs being so very small, to keep it in good gro^Wng condition. The flowers remain long in perfection ; they are not very fragrant. 20. Brassia macrostachya comes from Demerara, and pro- TREATMENT OF EPIPHYTAL ORCHIDS. 25 duces its very showy flowers, generally twice a year, in spring and in autumn ; the blossoms grow in long spikes, and are of a yellowish green colour, dotted all over with dark brown. It is best grown in a pot in fibry peat and half-decayed leaves, and placed in a dry, warm part of the house. The flowers (scent- less) remain long iu perfection. 21. Vunda teres. — This beautiful Vanda comes from the hotter parts of India, and flowers from June to August ; the flowers are tolerably large, variously coloured with red, yellow, and white. It does best fastened to a long, rugged branch, surrounded with very fibry peat, and suspended in the hottest and dampest part of the house during the growing season ; afterwards it should be kept less moist, but equally warm, as it needs but little repose. The flowers remain long in perfection, and are very fragrant. 22. Softicaria (Maxillaria) Steelii. — A Demerara plant, which produces large solitary flowers from June to September ; they are dull reddish yellow, blotched or marbled with deep purple. It delights in a block, surrounded with veiy fibry peat, and should be suspended from the roof, where there is plenty of heat and moisture, during tlie growing season. Its flowers are very fragrant. 23. Stanhopea tigrina. — This extraordinary looking thing and its varieties come from Guatemala and Mexico ; it flowers from June to August ; the blossoms are pendulous, very large, pale yellow, banded and blotched all over with dull, purplish brown, which is more intense in some varieties than in others. It succeeds best on a forked block in fibry peat and half-decayed leaves, and it should be suspended from the roof in the coolest and driest part of the house ; in the growing season, however, it should have a liberal supply of moisture and plenty of heat. Its flowers only remain in perfection two or three days ; they smell strongly. 24. Stanhopea grandiflora is a Demerara species, and flowers in July and August ; the blossoms are white, very large and pendulous. Like the preceding, it should be grown on a block and in a similar situation. Its flowers remain but two or three days in perfection ; it is very fragrant. 25. Itenanthcra coccinea. — A handsome Chinese Orchid, which flowers in June and July, and even later ; the flowers, orange scarlet, are produced in large panicles. It does best 26 TRKATMENT OF KPIPIIYTAL ORCHIDS. fastened to a long, rugged branch, surrounded with fibry peat and sphagnum or common moss. It requires to be kept in the hottest part of the house, and where there is but little moisture, except in the growing season, when it demands abundance to feed its large aerial roots. Its flowers remain long in per- fection. 26. Phajiis WalUchii. — A fine showy plant from India, which flowers from February to May ; the blossoms are produced in upright spikes, two or three feet in length, rather large and of an orange yellow, or buff", tinged with purple. It does best grown in a pot, filled with light, fibry peat, leaf-mould, and a little well-decomposed cowdung, and requires, when in a growing- state, a very strong heat and abundance of moisture ; afterwards, however, when in a state of rest, it should be kept nearly dry and very cool. Its scentless flowers remain long in perfection when in a dry atmosphere. 27. Dendrohium Wallichianum. — This very beautiful Den- drobe is the Indian form of tlie Chinese D. nobile ; it has, however, finer and darker flowers ; the latter are produced in great abundance from March to June on leafless stems of the preceding season's growth ; they are rosy purple, the lip mar- gined with dark crimson. It does best in a pot amongst fibry peat and leaf-mould ; it likes plenty of heat and moisture during the growing season, but afterwards a comparatively cool and dry situation suits it best. Its flowers remain long in perfection, double the time of those of D. nobile. 28. Dendrohium formosum. — A shoA\y Indian species, whose flowers are produced in clusters at the end of the shoots, which are about a foot in length, either in autumn or spring ; tlie flowers are large, pure white, with a bright yellow centre. It succeeds best in a well-drained pot or basket, filled with fibry peat and half-decayed leaves, and likes plenty of moisture and heat during the growing season ; afterwards it should be kept very cool and nearly dry. Its flowers, which are scentless, remain long in perfection when properly treated. 29. Dendrohium pulchellum comes from tlie mountains of Sylhet in India ; it flowers in April and May ; the blossoms are rather large, numerous, and variously marked with yellow, greenish white, bright rose and orange red. It is best grown on a block, or in a basket, surrounded by fibry peat and half- decayed leaves : when not growing, keep it cool and rather dry. Its flowers remain long in perfection. TKEATMENT OF EPIPHYTAL OKCIIIDS. 27 30. Dendrohium chrysanthum. — A fine Indian species, which flowers in February, March, and April ; the colour deep yellow, with a dark red lip. It may either be grown in a basket sus- pended from the roof, or in a w^ell-drained pot filled with fibry peat and half-decayed leaves, with plenty of heat and moisture during the growing season ; afterwards it should be kept nearly dry and very cool. Its flowers only remain a short time in perfection. 31. Dendrohium Dalhousieanum. — This charming species comes from India, and flowers in March and April ; the blos- soms are very large, seven or eight together in a bunch, pale lemon, with a pink margin, and two dark, blood-coloured spots in the centre. It succeeds best in a well-drained pot, filled with fibry peat and half-decayed leaves ; it likes plenty of heat and moisture when in a growing state. Its flowers only remain a short time in perfection ; it resembles D. cupreum, 32. Dendrohium cuciillatum. — A pretty plant, which, like the preceding, comes from India ; it flowers profusely in IMarch and April on the leafless stems of the preceding season ; the blos- soms are light rose and pale lemon. It does best in fibry peat in a basket suspended from the roof, and, when in a growing state, requires less heat and moisture than any of the preceding kinds ; but afterwards it should be kept rather dry and cool. Its flowers, which are scentless, remain long in perfection. 33. Coryanthes macrantha. — This extraordinary plant comes from the Caraccas ; it flowers in June, the blossoms being extremely large, two or three together, on a pendulous scape ; tlie lip is blood-red, the rest orange yellow, spotted irregularly with dull purple. It succeeds best on a block, surrounded by fibry peat, and suspended from the roof; it likes plenty of light, and little moisture, and should be kept rather w^arm, except in the growing season, when a pretty liberal supply of moisture and strong heat should be given ; overmuch moisture at any other time is fatal to the plant. Its enormous flowers only remain in perfection two or three days ; tliey emit a rather strong odour ; this is the most singular of all Orchids. 34. Sohralia macrantha comes from Guatemala, and flowers in July and August ; the flowers, rosy purple and crimson, are very large, and are produced one after another in succession from the tops of the long reed-like stems. It does best in a large pot in fibry peat, leaf-mould, and a small portion of well-decomposed cow-dung ; it likes bright light, and but a moderate amount of 28 TREATMENT OF EPIPHYTAL OKCHIDS. lieat and moisture during the growing season ; afterwards it should be kept very cool, but never very dry at any time. Its flowers are scentless, and only remain two or three days in perfection. 35. Chysis hractescens. — This useful plant comes from Oaxaca ; it flowers in March and July ; the blossoms, which are large, and pure white with a yellow centre, are produced in a cluster of five or six together. It succeeds best on a rugged block, or in a basket surrounded with fibry peat, and suspended near the roof, where it should have a plentiful supply of moisture and heat during the growing season ; but afterwards it may be kept cool and nearly dry, for it is very impatient of much moisture. Its flowers remain long in perfection, and have a slight odour. [Of all plants this is tlie best adapted for deco- rating ladies' hair. Its flowers may be used once, twice, thrice, or even four times, if skill be applied to their preservation, and yet they are fresh and sweet.] 36. Zygopetalum Mackayi. — A desirable Brazilian plant, which flowers in November, December, and January ; the flowers are produced in upright spikes, large, greenish yellow, spotted or striped with brown and lilac. It is best grown in a well-drained pot, filled with fibry peat and half-decayed leaves ; when at rest, it should be kept rather dry and cool. Its flowers remain long in perfection, and are very fragrant. 37. A?is€llia africana comes from the island of Fernando Po, and flowers in February, March, and April. The flowers are produced in upright panicles ; they are pale green, spotted and banded with crimson, and have a pale yellow lip. It suc- ceeds best in a large pot, well drained and filled with fibry peat and leaf-mould, with plenty of heat and moisture during its growing season, but afterwards it may be kept rather cool, but never very dry. Its flowers remain long in perfection, and emit a slight odour. 38. Acineta Humholdtii. — This singular plant comes from La Guayra, and flowers in April, May, and June ; the flowers are of a chocolate colour, marbled with light brown, large, and produced in long, pendulous bunches. It is best grown on a rugged block, surrounded with fibry peat and half-decayed leaves, and suspended near tlie roof, where it can receive a liberal supply of heat and moisture diiring the growing season ; afterwards, V)ut only for a short time, it siiould be iufhiced to rest by keeping it rather dry. Its flowers remain only a short time in perfection ; tliey are fragrant. TREATMENT OF EPIPHYTAL ORCHIDS. 29 39. Aerides odoratum. — A charming plant from India, which flowers in May, June, and July ; the blossoms, borne in racemes, are white, stained with pink. It is best grown upon a rugged block, or in a basket suspended from the roof of the house, its true aerial roots being freely exposed ; it likes plenty of heat and moisture, especially during the growing season. Its flowers remain long in perfection, and are deliciously fragrant. 40. Aerides crispum is also a fine Indian species, which flowers in July and August ; the blossoms, white and tipped with pink, are produced in panicles. It succeeds best on a block or in a basket, in fibry peat, suspended from the roof; it should have plenty of heat and moisture during the growing season, and only a short season of rest afterwards. Its flowers remain long in perfection, and are very fragrant. 41. Cymbidium Mastersii. — This showy plant comes from India, and flowers from August to September ; the flowers are large, pure white, with a yellow centre. It does best in a well- drained pot, in fibry peat and leaf-mould, and in a rather low temperature, with but little moisture in the atmosphere even in the growing season ; it should be kept in the coolest part of the house at all times. Its flowers remain long in perfection, and are slightly fragrant. 42. Peristeria elata.- — A noble Orchid, familiarly known as the " Holy Ghost plant," comes from Panama, anil flowers in August and September ; the white flowers are produced on upright stems three or four feet high. It does best in a large pot, well drained, and filled with fibry peat and leaf-mould ; it should be placed where there is plenty of light, heat, and moisture. Its flowers remain long in perfection, and are very fragrant. 43. Mormodes luxatum. — This tall Mexican plant produces its large, pale lemon-coloured flowers, six or eight in a spike, during autinun. It is best grown in a pot filled with fibry peat and leaf-mould, and should be kept in the coolest part of the house, and where there is only a moderate supjjly of moisture even during the growing season. Its flowers remain long in perfection, and emit a powerful aromatic odour. 44. Leptotes hicolor. — A neat Brazilian Orchid, which grows only two or three inches in height ; it flowers from March to May, the blossoms being numerous, and distinctly two-coloured, the upper portion pure white, the lower bright purple. It does 30 TEEATiMENT OF EPIPHYTAL ORCHIDS. best fastened to a small rugged block, surrounded by fibry peat, and suspended from the roof; it should have plenty of light, and a moderate share of heat and moisture nearly all the year, as it requires but little rest. Its flowers, scentless, or nearly so, remain long in perfection. 45. Cycnoches Loddigesii comes from Surinam, and flowers in June, July, and August ; the blossoms are large, greenish yellow, with a white lip, and are produced in suberect spikes. It is best grown in a well-drained pot, filled with a mixture of fibry peat and decayed leaves, and placed in a warm part of the house, but where there is only a moderate supply of moisture, even in the growing season, as the plant is easily injured by damp. Its flowers remain long in perfection, and have but little scent. 46. Epidendrum macrochilum roseum. — This fine dwarf plant is called in Guatemala " Bosca del dragon," or dragon's mouth ; it flowers in April, May, and June ; the blossoms are large, four or five together, dull crimson, rosy lilac and white. It is best grown in a well-drained pot, filled with fibry peat and half-decayed leaves, and placed in a warm and ratlier moist part of the house during the growing season ; but afterwards it should be kept very cool and rather dry for a short time. Its flowers remain long in perfection, and are very sweet scented. 47. Epidendrum Stamfordianitm comes from Guatemala, and flowers in April and May ; the blossoms are somewhat small, but are produced in great abundance on large panicles ; they are of a greenisli yellow, thickly spotted with brownish purple. It succeeds best in a well-drained pot, filled with fibry peat and decayed leaves, and in rather a warm and moist situation during the growing season ; afterwards it should be kept cool, but not very dry. The flowers remain long in perfection, and are remarkably fragrant. 48. Sophronitis grandijiora. — This "elegant little Brazilian plant flowers in April and May; tlie flowers are produced singly, are orange red, and large for tlie size of the plant. It does best fastened to a block on fibry peat, suspended from the roof; it likes plenty of heat and moisture during the growing season, but afterwards it should be kept rather cool and dry. Its flowers, scentless, remain long in perfection. 49. Triehopilia tortilis is a native of Mexico, and flowers at different times during the year; the flowers are solitary and VEGETATION OF CEYLON. 31 large, with twisted sepals and petals, of a yellowish white, spotted or marbled with dull blush ; the lip is nearly white, and very large. The plant may be grown either upon a rugged block, surrounded with fibry peat, or in a well-drained pot filled with fibry peat and half-decayed leaves ; it only requires a very moderate amount of heat and moisture during the growing season, and should be kept quite cool and rather dry afterwards for a short time. Its flowers remain long in perfection, but have no scent. 50. Odontoglossum citrosmum. — This very beautiful Mexican plant flowers in June and July ; the blossoms are large, seven or eight together on a slender stem, white stained, with rosy crimson near the margin. It does best fastened to a rugged block on some rough fibry peat, and suspended from the roof; it requires a warm situation, but not one tliat is over moist even in the growing season, as stagnant moisture is very injurious to this plant. Its waxy large round flowers, somewhat resembling those of Phalaenopsis amabilis, remain long in perfection, and are delightfully lemon-scented. IV. — Contributions to a History of the Relation between Climate and Vegetation in various parts of the Globe. No. 9. — The Vegetation of Ceylon. By George Gardner, F.L.S., Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Ceylon. Although Ceylon is celebrated for the luxuriant vegetation by which it is covered, the plants which compose it are less known to botanists than those perhaps of any other portion of India of equal extent. While the history and uses of the vegetable pro- ductions of the possessions of the East India Company, and most of the islands of the Indian Archipelago, have been given to the world by modern botanists, those of Ceylon are at the present day nearly as little understood in Europe as they were 100 years ago, when Linnaeus published his ' Flora Zeylanica,' founded on collections which had been made in the island by Hermann, a Dutch botanist, about seventy years before. It is true that during the last few years the descriptions of several Ceylon plants have been published in different scientific periodical pub- lications, both by Indian and European botanists ; but although a botanical institution has been maintained in the colony at the expense of Government for upwards of the last thirty years. 32 RELATION BETWEEN CLIMATE AND VEGETATION. those wlio have sviperintended it have done nothing almost, either for their own credit or the honour of the establisliment. Since tlie publication of the little book of Linnaeus, the only work which has been produced on Ceylon Botany is the ' Catalogue of Plants growing in Ceylon,' published in 1824, by Mr. Moon, who was then Superintendent of the Botanical Gardens — a work which never was of nuich use, and which is now quite obsolete, as, being merely a catalogue, there are no characters by which to recognize the species he has enumerated. As connected with these observations, I may remark that I am at present engaged in preparing a work which will contain descriptions of all the vegetable productions indigenous to Ceylon, at least so far as I can obtain them, illustrated with coloured figures of some of the more rare, beautiful, or useful species. This, however, will be a labour of several years to come, as I have still to explore dif- ferent parts of the island, the productions of which are totally unknown. The vegetation of all countries has its general character determined by two great principal causes — physical aspect and clhiiate. The former having already been detailed in the preced- ing geological sketch of the island, I shall here ofler a few remarks on the latter. The two monsoons which occupy the greater part of the year materially influence the climate. That from the south-west lasts generally from April to September, while the north-east prevails from November to February, the intervening periods being subject to variable winds and calms. The western side of the island, which is exposed to the south- west monsoon, has a humid and temperate climate similar to that of the Malabar coast, while the eastern, which is open to the north-east monsoon, has a hot and dry climate similar to that of the Coromandel coast. The seasons and climates of the south- west and north-east portions of the island are therefore very different. While on one side of the island the rains are falling in torrents, the other is suffering from drought ; and it not unfre- quently happens that the opposite sides of a single mountain exhibit at the same time these opposite states of climate. The great variety of surface and of climate, then, which the island possesses, are favourable not only to a varied, but to a luxuriant vegetation, especially in its central and southern dis- tricts. From the study of plants taken in connection with these circumstances and their various other physical conditions, has originated the science of Botanical Geography, one of the most interesting branches of Botany, and one wliich some day will no xloubt throw nuich light on the laws which have regulated the production and dispersion of species. It is only of late years that attention has been given to this subject, for, till the natural CEYLOX. 33 productions of different parts of the surface of the globe came to be investigated with the attention and accuracy wliicli are peculiar to the present age, naturalists rested satisfied with the vague idea that all animals and vegetables had originally radiated from a common centre, and that in the same parallels of latitude the same species would be found. This we now know not to be the case, and it can be as safely asserted that every large tract of country has had its own peculiar creation of both plants and animals, as that two and two make four, the exceptions to this general rule being accounted for by disseminating causes now in operation. In no other way can we account for Europe having a totally different class of plants from that part of North America which lies immediately opposite to it ; or for the botany of Southern Africa having little or no resemblance to that of the same parallels in South America, or to that of Australia ; or for many small islands, such as tliat of St. Helena, possessing a vegetation totally different even from that of the nearest con- tinent. Islands, however, in general, approach nearest in the nature of their productions to that of the countries to which they most nearly range in a geographical point of view, and this we shall find to be the case with Ceylon. Both the climate and the soil of the maritime parts of the western side of Ceylon being very similar to that of the Malabar coast, we find that a large proportion of the plants of both places are identical ; and the same holds good with reference to the northern and north-east coasts of Ceylon and that of the opposite Coromandel coast, although each district in both countries is found to possess species which are peculiar to each. A vegeta- tion more or less similar to that of the coast, extends inland to the foot of the great mountain cliain ; but from thence upwards a very great change is found to take place in it, and almost every 1000 feet of elevation shows a vegetation which, though merging into those immediately above and beneath it, offers species which do not range beyond it. It is at an elevation of from 2000 to 8000 feet that the greater part of the species of plants peculiar to Ceylon are to be found ; but most of tliese belong to forms, that is to natural orders or genera, wliich form part of the vegetation of neighbouring countries, such as the Neelgherry mountains in the peninsula of India, the Himalaya mountains, the high lands of Malacca, and of the Eastern islands, but more particularly Java, and I have lately met with a few species which indicate an affinity with the continent of Africa. I shall now offer a few remarks on the nature of the vegetation which characterises the different botanical regions of the island. The truly littoral plants of all countries offer a greater number of identical species in widely separate localities of the same VOL. IV, D 34 RELATION BETWEEN CLIMATE AND VEGETATION. parallels thaii* those of any other, and this, indeed, was to be expected from the fact that the ocean forms a ready medium for their transmission from one country to another by means of tides, Avinds, and currents, while at tlie same time their seeds, unlike tliose of most other plants, are not injured by immersion in salt water. Most of the shrubs which inliabit the muddy shores of the sea and of the salt lagoons which are so numerous towards the north of the island, and which are known by the name of Mangroves, belong to that natural order of plants which botanists call Rhizophoreae, a tribe which is strictly intertropical. My researches have already yielded me about half a dozen species, all of which, I find, are common to Ceylon, the shores of the con- tinent of India, and of those of the Eastern islands ; and the same I find to be the case with a few other shrubs belonging to other tribes, such as .iEgiceras fragrans, which extends even to the shores of Australia, Epithinia Malayana, Pemphis acidula, Dilivaria ilicifolia, Lumnitzera racemosa, Thespesia populnea (the Tulip-tree of Ceylon), and Paritium tiliaceum, the last having a far more extensive geographical range tiian any of the others, as I possess specimens in my herbarium from the shores of the West Indies, Brazil, and the Sandwich Islands, besides from various parts of India. The Cocoa-nut tree, which gives so marked a feature to the west coast of Ceylon, and which is now so generally cultivated along the shores of all intertropical countries, is essentially a seaside plant, and has as good claims to be considered indigenous to Ceylon as to any other pait of the world. The same observations that apply to the shrubs of our shores, apply also to the herbaceous vegetation. The great flat tract which extends between the sea-shore and the central mountain range is possessed of a very extensive Flora ; but as its general character is stamped by a few^ species which are very numerous in individuals, it is to them chiefly that my remarks will extend. In this tract a very great proportion of the species are identical with those of similar ones on the coasts of Coromandel and Malabar. The generally acid nature of its soil, together with its much drier climate than that of the interior, is well shown in the Northern Province, especially by the more wiry and stunted nature of the trees and bushes, their prickly stems and brandies, and the smaller size of their leaves, together with a much greater proportion of fleshy shrubs, such as Euphorbias, &c. The species whicli preponderate in indi- viduals in the northern province, are different kinds of Acacia, mostly very thorny ; the Wood Apple (Feronia elephantum), Limonia alata, Salvadora persica (the true Mustard-tree of Scripture, a tree which extends northward and westward to the Holy Land, and which I was the first to point out as a nati\e of CEYLON. 35 Ceylon), Carissa spinarum, Gmelina asiatica, Pleurostylia Wightii, Eugenia bracteata, Elaeodendron Roxburgliii, Ocliiia squaiTOsa, Cassia Fistula, Cassia Roxburgliii, and Memecylon tinctorium. These are cliiefly shrubs and small trees. The large trees, w hich are mostly of no great size, are t\\ o or three species of Terminalia, Bassia longifolia, the Margosa (Azadirachta indica), the Satin wood (Chloroxylon Swietenia), tlie Ceylon Oak. (Schleichera trijuga), the Tamarind (Tamarindus Indica), and the Palmyra ( Borassus flabelliformis), which is jiarticularly abundant on the peninsula of Jatfna.* The mass of the herba- ceous vegetation belongs to the natural orders Scrophularineae, Leguminosae, Ilubiaceae, and Compositae. Proceeding southwards through this flat country, a con- siderable difierence in the general appearance of the vegetation is observed, arising no doubt from the greater amount of rain Mliich falls during the course of the year. The trees are not only larger, but their foliage is heavier and of a darker hue ; and the numerous Acacias, which give so striking an appearance to the north, almost disappear. Between Colombo and Galle, shrubs belonging to the natural order Euphorbiaceae are very numerous, both in species and individuals, as well as a variety of Rubiaceae, of whicli the beautiful Ixora coccinea is not tlie least common. It is only in this range that the Pitcher- plant (Nepenthes distillatoria), whicii is not, however, pecu- liar to Ceylon, is met witii, growing in moist places, and supporting itself among the bushes. About Galle, and from thence inland to the base of Adam's Peak, one of the most com- mon shrubs is that whicli has been named, in honour of the great Humboldt, Humboldtia lanrifolia ; and on the low hills, near Galle, a few trees are met witli, which, farther north, do not exist under 1000 feet of elevation, but tliis is easily accounted for by the greater atmosplieric moisture of that district. One of these trees is a new and remarkable species of Durian (Durio zeylanicus, Mihi). It is in this district that the greater number of the Sugar plantations of Ceylon exist. The east side of the island being much drier than that of the west, the consequence is that its vegetation has more of the character of that of the northern province than of the opposite coast. It must, however, be remarked that, with the exception * Since the above was written I have made a most important addition to the trees of this region, and, indeed, to the Flora of the island, in the shape of the far-famed Upas-tree of Java and the Moluccas (Antiaris toxicaria), having discovered some fine large trees of it a few miles to the eastward of Kornegalle, early in August of the present year (1847). This discovery proves how little the investigation of the vegetable productions of Ceylou has hitherto been attended to. — G. G. D 2 36 UKI,.\TION IiH;T\VEEN CMMA'l'K AND VEGETATION. of the imiiioiliate neighbourhood of Trinconialee and of Batti- caloa, the eastern side of the island is a terra incognita to the botanist. Generally speaking, the first 2000 feet of tlie mountain range is covered with a dense forest of large trees, which are charac- terised by a foliage of a much larger size than that of the low- country forests, and nearly of a uniform dark green colour, ex- cept, indeed, wlien the large iron-wood tree (Mesua Ceylanica) is putting forth its young leaves, wliich are of a blood-red colour, and at tliat season give a remarkable aspect to the forest. To the general observer the trees of the next 2000 feet appear but little different from those of the first, but tlie eye of the botanist can at once detect many species in both that are peculiar to each. The mass of the herbaceous vegetation of both is made up of Ferns, Scitaraineae, Urticaceae, Cyrtandreoe, and Com- positse. One of the most marked features of tiie second 2000 feet is the existence of large open grassy tracts on the sides of the hills to which the natives give tlie name of Pattanas. Such tracts extend to the highest parts of the island, differing, more or less, at different elevations in the nature of their vegetation. Scattered through the lower ones, and giving them an orchard- like appearance, are two trees which are almost peculiar to them. These are the Careya arborea and Eniblica officinalis. The her- baceous vegetation consists chiefly of numerous tall, coarse grasses, growing for the most part in tufts, the most common of which is the Lemon Grass (Andropogon Schoenanthus), inter- mingled with which are several Compositse, principally consist- ing of several species of Blumea, Knoxia corymbosa, the repre- sentative of the old and accurate historian of Ceylon, the broom- like Atylosia Candollei, and Irapatiens balsamina, the origin of the common garden balsam. It is on the forest land of this tract that the principal coffee estates have been established. The next 2000 feet, which brings us to an elevation of 6000 feet above the level of the sea, and into a region which has a much lower temperatui'e than any of the preceding, is still covered with forests having occasional patches of Pattana, but both give support to a very different vegetation. The trees are much smaller, grow closer together, have their stems and branches covered with pendulous masses of Lichens and Mosses, and many kinds of small Orchidese. Their leaves are mostly small, and their varied tints remind one of the autumnal forests of more temperate climes. The under vegetation consists of numerous species of beautiful herbaceous and suffruticose Balsams (Lnpatiens), a great variety of suffruticose Acanthacere (Nilu), beautiful and delicate Ferns of all sizes, from those scarcely a few inches in height to tree ones, which throw up their stems CEYLON. 37 surmounted by large masses of verdant fronds to an elevation often of 20 feet, and rivalling in gracefulness tlie Palms of the low country. It is in this range that the lovely tree Rhodo- dendron, which is so common in more elevated tracts, first makes its appearance. The Pattanas at this elevation are more spongy in their nature than those below, the grasses which are peculiar to them grow more closely together, and are smaller and more wiry in their texture ; while the shrubs which are scattered through them are principally species of Hedyotis and Osbeckia, the latter producing beautiful large rose-coloured flowers. The 2000 feet which succeed to these include the most elevated portions of the island, and embrace chiefly the mountain-tops, and the valleys or plains which divide them from each other. The vegetation of this region has still a more alpine aspect than the preceding one, and of all the others is that which is possessed of the greatest interest to the botanist, from the great number of European forms that are mixed up with those whose range does not extend beyond the tropics. The tree that first claims atten- tion in this range is the Rhododendron, not only from its great beauty, but from its vast abundance, especially in the open plains, which during the months of June and July are clouded with red from the great profusion of its blossoms. I have met witii two well-marked varieties, if they are not, indeed, distinct species of this tree. One of them is principally met with in the plains or in tiieir wooded margins, and is easily recognised by the rusty-coloured under side of its leaves. This is the variety which is so common on the open plains of the Neelgherry range of mountains in the peninsula of India. The other variety, so far as 1 am aware, is peculiar to Ceylon, and is always found in the forest, and at a greater elevation than the other. It is distinguished by its greater size, and the silvery under side of its leaves, which are besides narrow and rounded at the base, not broad and cordate as in the other. Several fine trees of this variety occur on the ascent of Pedrotalagalla from Newera-Eilia, and close to the temple on the summit of Adam's Peak ; but the finest I have met with in my excursions among the mountains of the interior, was in crossing over Totapella, where there is a large forest of them, many of which are from 50 to 70 feet high, and with stems more than 3 feet in diameter. In these forests are also to be met Mithsome four or five species of Michelia, the representatives of the I\Iagnolias of North America, several arboreous Myrtaceae, and not a few Ternstromiacete, the most common of which is tlie Camellia-like Gordonia zeylanica. There is much here to remind the European of his native country. DitFerent species of llubus and a Barberry abound along the wooded margins of the plains, as well as two species of Viburnum or Guelder Rose, and a shrubby St. John's Wort 38 RELATION BETWEEN CLIMATE AND VEGETATION. (Hypericum mysorense), bearing large yellow flowers. The dry open banks are covered with Violets and Lysimachise, while in the open plains are to be found two species of Potentilla, an Anemone, a Geranium, two kinds of Eanunculus or Butter-cup, a Ladies' Mantle not unlike the Alchemilla vulgaris of England, a little blue star-blossomed Gentian, two species of Sun-dew or Drosera, a Campanula, a Valeriana, and in the bogs several kinds of Juncus and Carex. At the health station on the plain of Newera-Ellia, which is about 6200 feet above the level of the sea, there are several gardens in whicli most of the vegetables of Europe grow freely. European fruit trees have also been tried, but no success has attended the experiment : nor was such a thing to be expected, for although during the cold season the tiiermometer falls occa- sionally in the morning to nearly the freezing point — the annual range being from 35^" to 80% with a mean daily variation of 11° — , the cold is not sufficiently intense nor of long enough continuation to give those trees the period of rest which they require. In place of losing their leaves for nearly six months of tlie year, the Peach and the Cherry are here evergreens, and are hence kept in such a continued state of excitement as to pre- vent their bearing. The Peach does, indeed, give a poor crop of fruit of a very inferior quality, but although the Cherry blos- soms annually its fruit never comes to perfection. Although the Neelgherry range, from its near geographical position, has more species in common with the tracts of a similar elevation in Ceylon than any other part of India, yet these from their small numbers are evidently only stragglers northward : the very great number of species peculiar to the mountains of Ceylon, and to them alone, proves that these mountains form a distinct centre of creation. This I shall illustrate by a few examples from some of the better known natural orders and genera of plants. Beginning with Ranunculaoeae, we find three species of Ranunculus belonging to the Flora of the Neelgher- ries, and two to that of the mountains of Ceylon, one species only being common to both countries. Of MagnoliacesB, Ceylon possesses four or five species of Michelia, all of which are different from the solitary one which is found on the Neelgherries, Each country has a Violet peculiar to itself, with another that is common to them both. Both places possess about half a dozen species of Elseocarpese each, but only one is held in common ; and the same is the case witli the order to which the Tea be- longs — TernstromiaceEe. The genus Impatiens, that to which the garden Balsam belongs, affords one of tiie strongest argu- ments which can be offered in favour of the fact I am now illus- trating, for while each country possesses upwards of twenty peciesj certainly not more than three are common to bolh, and CEYLON. 39 none of the other Ceylon species are known to exist elsewliere. Of Rosaceas we find that the Neelgherry range has only tliree species of Rubus, while there are no less than eight found on the mountains of Ceylon, three of which are peculiar to them. Both countries have an Alchemilla in common, while the Agrimony of Ceylon does not exist on the Neelgherries, but is found abundantly on tlie Himalaya range ; and I have lately described a new species of Poterium from Adam's Peak, the only one which has hitherto been met with in India. Two species of Potentilla grow in Ceylon, and three on the Neelgherries, one only of which is common to both countries. A comparison of this kind might be run on with to a great length, but enough has already been shown to prove that wliile the Flora of the central part of the island has more affinity with that of the Neelgherries than with any other part of the world, yet it must have had a creation of its own, nearly allied, indeed, to the other in forms, but very distinct in individuals. Altliough many of the genera found in the upland regions of Ceylon are such as are common in Europe, yet none of the Ceylon species are identical with European ones. Indeed, there is not to be found growing, really wild in the island, a single species exactly the same as any European one. There are, however, a few which have become more or less naturalised, having been introduced along with garden and other seeds. Tiiese are the connnon Sow Thistle (Sonchus oleraceus), the common Chickweed (Stellaria media), the Mouse-ear Chickweed (Cerastium vulgatum), the Corn Spurry (Spergula arvensis), and the annual Meadow-Grass (Poa annua). All these, with the exception of the first, which is much more general, are mostly confined to the plain of Newera-Ellia. In all countries plants which arc introduced from others and find a congenial soil and climate, and which produce their seeds in profusion, and of a nature to be easily blown or carried about from place to place, are sure to naturalise themselves, and often in the course of a few years are not to be distinguished from those which are really original denizens of the clime. Besides those from Europe just enumerated, there are many others natives of distant tropical countries which are now rapidly spreading them- selves on the island ; and as it is of thg utmost importance to distinguish them from those which are truly natives, I shall here enumerate all those species of which I possess sufficient evidence to establish their exotic origin, and mention the coun- tries from which they have been brought. The two species of Prickly Pear (Opuntia) which are now so connnon in dry sandy localities in the low country, are natives of tlie tropical parts of the continent of America, as, indeed, the whole of the Cactus tribe is. The beautiful rose-coloured Peri- 40 RELATION BETWEEN CLIMATE AND VEGETATION. winkle (Vinca rosea), which has so completely overrun the Cin- namon gardens at Colombo, and other similar localities, is a native of the island of IMadagascar, though it has now perfectly established itself in nearly all tropical countries. The climbing Allamanda cathartica, with its dark green leaves and golden bell-sliaped blossoms, is a native of tlie Guianas, and was no doubt introduced by the Dutch. Tlie Lantanas, which are to be met with almost everywhere in busiiy places and in iiedges, are natives of the West Indies ; and such also is the case with the yellow-flowered Turnera ulmifolia, wiiich is common by road- sides about Colombo. Tlie Cape Gooseberry (Physalis peru- viana), now so common about Rambodde and Newera-Ellia, is a native of the mountains of Pern. The Four o'clock Plant (Mirabilis Jalapa), common about Candy, is a native of Mexico and the West Indies ; and the Ipecacuanha plant, as it is erro- neously called (Asclepias Curassavica), witli its orange blossoms, and seeds with long silky tails, is a South American. Most of these must have been long established before the English took possession of th.e country ; but the following are well known to have escaped from the botanical gardens at Colombo or Peradenia during the last twenty-five years. The small \Ahite-flowered Passiflora foetida, now so connnon a weed everywhere, is a native of the AYest Indies and Brazil, and was only introduced to the island, by Mr. IMoon, so short a time ago as 1824. Two species of Crotalaria — C. Brownei, a native of Jamaica, and C. incana, a native of the Cape of Good Hope ; the Mexican Coreopsis-like Cosmos caudatus ; the Peruvian blue-flowered Nicandra physa- loides ; and tlie South American Sensitive Plant (Mimosa pu- dica), are now not only common weeds about Peradenia and Kandy, but are fast extending themselves in all directions, the first mentioned species having now nearly reached as far as Eambodde on the Newera-Ellia road. Brucea Sumatrana, a shrubby native of the Eastern islands, and an escape from the Peradenia gardens, now forms part of the low jungle on the neiglibouring Hantane range, and Buddlea madagascariensis, a native of Madagas^car, and two small kinds of Passion-flower (P. suberosaand glauca), both natives of the West Indies, are fast following. Ageratum conyzoides, everywhere a connnon weed, and one of the great p^sts of the Coifee Planter, is of American origin, tliough now thorougldy naturalized in all tropical countries. Ihe above, though only a rapid sketch of the more prominent features of the vegetation of the island of Ceylon, is sufficient to show the great interest and variety of the materials of Avhich it is composed, and of the relation which it holds to that of other {)arts of the globe. IMuch, however, still remains to be done before a detailed exposition of it can be offered to the world. — From Ribeh(i''s History of Ceylon. TRANSPLANTING LARGE EVEEGUEEN TRKES AND SHRUBS. 41 V. — On Transplanting large Evergreen Trees and Shrubs. — — By R. Glendiiiniug, F.H.S., Hon. Mem. Hort. Soc. of Queen's County, Cor. Men). Hort. Soc. of Massachusetts, U. S. A. (Communicated Dec. 4, 1848.) It is not my intention here to enter upon tlie yiropriety or im- propriety of employing in rural impi'ovement large shrubs and trees. It must be at least conceded tliat the effect which is immediately j)roduced by their application as screens, or in clothing naked and cheerless spots in the vicinity of the mansion, is not unfrequently attended with the happiest results. That depends, however, chiefly upon the success with \vliich the opera- tions are conducted, and if the specimens are large the difficulty and expense are necessarily greater, and in like proportion also is the existence of the plants put in jeopardy. The disappoint- ment arising from the death of a few small plants is compara- tively of no moment — others can readily be substituted ; but when large specimens have been removed, involving a great outlay consequent on the operation, and placed in prominent positions, their death is attended with painful sensations at the loss of the plants themselves, and the total frustration of improve- ment together with the delay of a season besitles are not the most pleasing subjects to reflect upon. It shall be my object, therefore, on the present occasion to lay before the Society the result of my experience in this department of decorative im- provement, and to point out the circumstances upon which success mainly rests. Preparation of tiie subject intended for removal is the first step towards a successful result. Large hollies, yews, cedars, and similar ornamental evergreens intended for immediate effect, should have their roots pruned any time before they begin to grow. In some instances it will be better to dig a trench within a reasonable distance from the bole of the tree, so as to retain a ball no larger than can be transplanted. This trench should be cut sufficiently deep all round the tree, and as much vmder it as may appear necessary to get at the principal roots, which should be cut through, and the soil again filled in. The wounds will be completely healed by the autunm, and. numerous rootlets sent out into the loose soil. The plant will be checked in its growth and may probably become a little discoloured if it has previously been in a vigorous state of gi'owth. It is quite true that objec- tions will be urged to this previous preparation, because improve- ments when suggested are at once commenced without nuich consideration as to the propriety of the season ; consequently the plants are removed quite regardless as to whether it is •12 TRANSPLANTING LARGE EVERGREEN TREES AND SHRUBS. uutuini), ^vinter, or spring, and by the middle of tlie following sunmier their appearance is often anything but evergreen. They may break again, or die, just as it happens ; but tliea the object in view is defeated, nor could any other result be CNpected when we consider the violence thus incautiously perpetrated upon a svdjject in rapid growth, wliicli may have stood twenty years in its former position. Nor does it appear to me that any argument can be adiluced of sufficient cogencj^ to sustain such a crude proceeding with anything like reasonable success. It may be urged, indeed, that there is some delay in allowing a summer to pass, but the delay is merely apparent. The next point for our consideration is the proper season when the operation of transplanting should be conducted. This I consider to be a much more important matter than many peojjle seem to imagine. The winter months, that is from tlie end of October to the beginning of April, have been generally reconnnended, indeed almost universally so. From these opinions I entirely dissent^ how eminent soever the authorities may be who have laid them dow'n. I quite admit that a qualified success may have attended their operations, but I deny, independently of this, that it is the right season for tlie execution of such work, and the slightest acquaintance with vegetable physiology will conclusively demonstrate the truth of this assertion. Let it be clearly understood that I am alluding to plants of from six to thirty feet and upwards in height, and not to mere nursery stock, whicii is generally kept moved about every two years, to ensure its safety when transplanted out permanently ; besides, its por- tability enables the operator to secure a ball and the principal part of the fibres, although this work would be much more safely performed at a different season. It would be traversing over a beaten track to enter into any general detail respecting the ascent and descent of the fluids in plants, and the formation and deposition annually of new wood in all ligneous vegetation. It will be sufficient for my purpose to state that this extension and formation takes place chiefly after Midsunnner, and principally in evergreens during autumn, when the young shoots begin to attain a certain degree of consistency. It is during this downward tendency of the fluids, and when the solar action is in some measure on the decline, that I should seize and conduct with all rapidity the operations of transplanting ; and, if this is intended to be con- ducted extensively, I should reconnnend the end of August as a good time to begin, September being the safest month in the year ; selecting such plants to commence with as have matured their shoots. Another and very important reason remains to be stated why autumn is to be preferred for undertakings of this TRANSPLANTING LARGE EVERGREEN TREES A>D SHRUBS. 43 kind in preference to winter. The force of the sun during- summer, although now on the decline, has warmed the earth to a considerable degree and depth, so that the mutilated roots are comparatively situated on a gentle bottom lieat, which rapidly promotes cicatrization, and frequently aids the emission of young spongelets during the current autumn. That the season which I have here ventured to urge f'CE EELAIING TO THE PAEA GKASS. 47 of Surinam, having in the month of November, 1846, made a present to these islands of the Para grass (Panicnm jiimento- rnm, Humboldt and Kunth), about which his P^xcellency gives the following commvmication : — " This grass continues growing under the most severe droughts, and requires, when once located, no other care, as it suffocates the vegetation of all other sorts of grass. Especially in conse- quence of these qualities, I have tiiought it would be a valuable acquisition for the island of Cura^oa and its dependencies." In addition to this communication we can join the following particularities, extracted from ' Les Annales de la Societe d'Agri- eulture de Martinique,' according to which the late General Bertiand, w'hose estates are situated in the driest part of the island of Guadeloupe, has preserved his stock during a severe drouglit which visited these islands some years ago, only by means of an extensive cultivation of Para grass, while at his neighbour's, and further over the whole island, where this culti- vation had been neglected, almost all stock died away ; and we are told that in the beginning of the year 1844, the .same grass, sent by the French man-of-war schooner Gazelle, was presented to General Paez by Admiral d'Uval d'Ailly, Governor of Mar- tinique. According to the observations in the 'Liberal of Caraccas,' this grass is far superior to Guinea grass, as it thrives in every season, in dr}' as in wet weather. It was considered a great acquisition for the Republic of Venezuela, where droughts often occur for more than five or six months succeeding, during which all kind of vegetation withers in the fields. Since the introduction of Para grass on the island of Cura^oa, the same has been cultivated under different circumstances of soil and season, under w hich it has kept up entirely to good reputation ; so that we now dare to aflSrm with the greatest confidence that if general attention is paid to the extension of tins useful branch of agriculture, the present made by Governor Van Eaders will at once become of incalculable advantages to these islands. The cultivation of Para grass is effected by means of seed and cuttings. The stenj creeping along the surface of the ground, consists of joints of fiom five to six inches long ; at each of the joints it fixes itself in the soil, and thereby pushes one or more perpendicular stalks upwards ; the creeping stems arrive some- times to the astonishing length of from ten to twelve feet, while the height to which the perpendicular stalks arrive entirely depends on the nature of tlie soil, and the state of moisture of the same. To lay out a plantation of this grass it is but required to divide the stem into so many parts, somewhat below each joint, which joints are then planted in the ground, which has 48 OFFICIAL CORRESPONDEXCK RFLATING TO THE PAHA GRASS. beforehand been well ploughed, with the knot side about | parts in the same, at the distance of 1^ feet asunder ; while after- wards, and until it has arrived at tlie proper height, no other labour is required but weeding-. On the Government estate " the Hope," Para grass was cultivated as a trial in low land of black garden soil, and also on higher situated, hilly, very unfertile soil : in the first instance it has grown up into an almost impenetrable mass, which having been cut already several times, has every time, however, pushed up again with renewed vigour; in the other instance it has grown up quite as well, though much later planted ; in both instances, however, without application of artificial irrigation ; while as a particularity of its nature may be mentioned that it will not thrive at all in the shadow of large trees, and but indifferently in very moist places. Equally favourable results have been obtained on different other private estates on this island, where the same materials have also been taken, and where, as well as on the Government estate before-named. Para grass for planting can now be had on appli- cation by whoever should desire to occupy himself with the cultivation of the same. From whatever side the cultivatioji of Para grass is envisaged, it certainly merits the greatest recommendation. As green food for stock, it retains under the most'severe droughts all favourable properties ; and cut and dried it yields, if not allowed to grow higher up than two feet, an excellent and bj all stock much-liked fodder, which principal quality recommends it far above Guinea grass, which cannot be laid up as hay. Taking further in con- sideration that during the short rainy season, which on these islands seldom lasts longer than three months. Para grass can be cut upwards of two times, then certainly all further recom- mendation of the same becomes superfluous : we consequently beg to conclude this article with calling to the remembrance of the planters that beautiful encomium, " tliat he who raises two stems of grass where formerly but one did grow, becomes a benefactor to mankind." (Signed) E, J. Hengakde, A.D.C, Curacjoa, IGth April, 1848. Inspector of Agriculture. Sir, Horticultural Society, 21, Regent Street, Oct. 28, 1848. I have to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of yes- terday, transmitting for the information of the Horticultural Society some enclosures from Colonel Reid concerning the Para grass. The plant itself — Panicum jumentorum, otherwise AERATION OF VINERIES. 49 called Panicum maximum — is well known. I have it from the Isle of France and Martinique. It is said to be of African origin, and is now, according to Humboldt, cultivated all over South America for cattle. It is a species with a soft, succulent, nutri- tious herbage, and therefore of great value. Its power of resist- ing drought is a new fact, and is so well attested by the evidence which Lord Grey has transmitted that I do not hesitate to advise his Lordship to cause it to be introduced to Australia experimen- tally. There is only one thing in that country which is likely to interfere with the success of the trial, viz. the lower temperature of the soil than in tropical America. But grasses have a great aptitude for reconciling themselves to differences of climate ; and. various species of Panicum, one of which is not very unlike the Para grass, already inhabit the whole breadth of Australia. I therefore regard tlie experiment as being eminently deserving his Lordship's favourable consideration. I have, &c. John Lindley, JJ. Halves, Esq., M.P. Vice-SecrcUry. VJI. — The Aeration of Vineries, as practised at Boivood, the seat of the Marquis of Lansdowne, F.H.S. By John Spencer, C.M'.U.S., Gardener tliere. (Conimuuicatcd Dec. 6, 1848 ) The imperfect matnier in which many of our forcing-houses are ventilated is a constant cause of complaint amongst gardeners, and various plans have of late been recommended to remedy the evil and to dispense with the usual mode of letting down the roof- sashes every time air is to be given. Having occasion during the autumn of 1847 to replant an early vinery, I took the oppor- tunity of arranging the aeration of it in accordance with the plan which accompanies this paper, and it has so far answered my expectations, tiiat I now venture to submit it to the Council of the Horticultural Society, as a means whereby structures of this description maybe efficiently aerated at all times and at a trifling expense. By a reference to the plan it will be seen that the house in question is one of the common lean-to description, and was placed against a wall previously erected, which will account for its unnecessary thickness. The chamber containing the heating apparatus runs the length of the house (see /'), and into this VOL. IV. E ,50 AERATION OF VINERIES. cliaiuber, and immediately below the flue,* are conducted the cold air drains, both from the back of the house and also from an air drain d running the length of the house underneatli the vine border. This central drain communicates with the external air by two drains h h, which are protected by a wire grating. Both sets of drains are furnished with sliding valves made of slate, working in a groove m n : to each valve is fixed an upright wooden bar furnished with holes, and by means of a pin the admission of air can be regulated as wished. In addition to these drains there are five ventilators in the back wall of the house g. These are made to slide in a frame, and are connected together by an iron rod, having at each end a weiglit attached, by moving wliich the whole of the ventilators are acted on simultaneously. It will be seen by the above description that when the valves m and n are raised and the back ventilators opened, a current of air is immediately admitted beneath the lieatiug medium, and thus gets warmed before coming in contact with the foliage of tiie vines. The general direction of the warmed air is naturally towards the back ventilators. During the winter months and in dull weather these valves recpiire only to be slightly raised, keeping a continuous current through the house without lowering the temperature : during bright sunnj' days I open the whole of them, when of course a more rapid circulation of air takes place; but I do not find it necessary to open tlie top sashes until the weather becomes sufficiently warm that air may be admitted witliout any fear of its injuring the foliage by direct exposure to its influence, \\ hich often occurs to vines in leaf when the sashes are lowered in cold though bright weather during winter and early spring. I may mention that had I iiad the entire building of the liouse in the first place, I should have preferred building the back wall sufficiently higli to have left room for the back ventilators to have opened above the wall plate and immediately under the coping, to remedy the evil in the present case of a direct current of cold air passing through. I have attached on the nortli side a frame which prevents the air entering the house directly from the outside. I need not advert to the beneficial effects a constant supply of warm air in rapid motion must have on the health and fertility of plants, particularly of vines and other exotic fruits forced through our comparatively long and dull winters, as these facts are sufficiently establislied by our higiiest autiiorities, and the short though conclusive experience I have had with tlie mode I have described convinces me that the above principles miglit be carried out in nearly all our forcing-houses with the most ilecisive * Lest it may appear strange to speak of a flue here, while I have shown hot-water pipes in the section, I may mention the flue is merely temporary, and will be replaced by hot water when the vines are strong enough to force. *AEEATION OF VINEIUES. 51 results. I am now taking- steps to adopt nearly a similar plan in aerating a different description of lioiise, and whicli may form the subject of anotlier communication. SECTION OF VIXERY AT BOWOOD. Scale of Feet. GROUND PLAN. t 'T A. Back wall of house. B. Floor of house. C. Supports to front plate. d. Large air-drain running parallel with tlie house. e. Air-drains entering from behind. f. Open chamber for hot-water pipes, or flue. g. Ventilator in back wall. Rcj'rrence to Section and Gruwid Plan. h. Drains for admitting e.xternal wir to d. t. Air-drains communicating with d and opening intoy', /(. Border for vines. //. Hot-water pipes, m. Sliding-valves I'or regulating admission of air through drain e. n. Valves for admitting air from main drain d. E 2 52 THE PKAU AS EEGAKDS ITS S*OCK. VIIT. — 77/*? Pear as regards its Slock. By R. Errington, C.M.H.S., Gardener to Sir Pliilip de Malpas Grey Egerton, Bart., M.P., F.II.S., at Oultoii Park, near Tarporley. ('Coinmunicated Nov. 1848.) AVhen we take into consideration the conflicting character of the reports on Flemisii pears from various parts of the kingdom, and even from the same neighbourhood, it is evident other causes must be at woi'k besides the mere question of heat. Some years since, when any difficult kind came to hand, or at least any kind thought too tender for an ordinary standard, it was at once assigned a place on the walls, and not unfrequently in a very warm aspect. Subsequent experience, however, has proved that the latter resort was frequently an extreme as fatal in its consequences as the former. The consideration of such matters is at once suggestive of an examination of the Stock queslion. Mr. Rivers and otlier nurserymen are beginning to work extensively on the Quince ; and I feel persuaded that if the habit of the quince was duly considered, and the soil adapted accordingly, the result would be a much higher amount of success than is at present attained. 1 do not wish it here to be inferred that I would advocate the total banishment of the pear stock from our gardens — not by any means. What I would urge is, tliat most of the Flemish kinds which are not found to succeed in a satisfactory way on the wall, would probably be much improved if gi'own as dwarf standards or pyramidal trees, providing proi)er means were taken to subdue, and continue under control, their tendency to produce superfluous shoots. The production of such shoots constitutes the principal reason why the fruit; becomes unsatisfactor}^ The tree is in exciting soil, perhaps, with luilimited power to range in quest of food ; the necessary consequence is, that abundance of breast-shoots are formed. Now it so happens tliat the amount of foliage on such breast-wood is not an iota more than is requisite to elabo- rate the great amount of watery juices thrown into the system. No. Nature, true to her principles, produces no more foliage than is necessary for a due amount of reciprocation between the root and the branches. The tree is half-stripped of its elabo- rative powers at the moment they are most needed, and the con- sequence is large fruit filled with half-elaborated juices. The gardener, to be sure, is obliged to cut away the breast-wood, or general barrenness would be the result ; but methinks it makes a man look very silly to be constantly employed in wheeling good soil to plant trees in, and in wheeling gross breast-wood back ao^ain. THE PEAR AS REGARDS ITS STOCK. 53 I feel persuaded tliat, by a proper dwarfing system, tliere Mould be little occasion for disbudding — indeed, I have proved this to my entire satisfaction for years. There are three ways of arriving at this end: the one by using the quince stock; the next by the free stock in a limited amount of soil ; and a third by root pruning. Now I have no particular objection to root pruning, having practised it extensively for the last nineteen years. It will, indeed, succeed on all gross subjects, if healthy ; but if the soil has been prepared too deep, too wide, or too rich, root pruning has to be repeated ; and even then, very moist growing seasons will frequently carrj^ the tree beyond its bounds. The free stock, with a very limited amount of soil, offers another chance of striking at the root of tlie evil : if, however, the limitation is vciy severe, and the soil too ligiit, there arises another source of failure ; the fruit in a hot and dry summer may become stanteti, and crack. To be sure, top-dressings will obviate these tilings; but it would be preferable so to establish pear trees as that they would require little or no assistance in the way of labour. We come now to the quince stock ; and to this I would beg to draw particular attention. I think that there can be no doubt of the general success of the quince, providing those mIio adopt it could be prevailed upon to prepare the stations for its reception with some regard to the habits of the quince. It will be at once admitted that the great object here is to provide a congenial soil for the stock ; this done, the success of the graft will follow as a matter of course. One thing is of much import to the quince, viz., a permanency of moisture in the soil. The finest, larg^est, and best bearing quince trees I ever saw were growing in an unctuous, yet gra- velly soil, of a dark colour. Holes opened in the neiglibour- hood of these quinces would become half filled with water during the night througii most of the year. I do not, however, wish it to be supposed that it is desirable to go to this extreme. The texture of the soil is perhaps the only thing requisite to attend to in preparing stations, and this should be somewhat tenacious and rich in humus. By the term tenacious, I merely mean the power of retaining moisture sufficient to with- stand a long dry period. The scourings of ditches on strong loamy soils, especially if near trees, and possessing a consider- able deposit of leaves, would be excellent dressing. In fact, the alluvium found near tlie bed of pools or other waters, and of which most persons could avail themselves, would no doubt answer Avell as part compost. Some years since I commenced an attempt to form a soil arti- 54 TIIK PEAR AS REGARDS ITS STOCK. ficially, coDtaining' all the essentials for quince culture. Per- manency of moisture, an unctuous feel in the fingers, together with a liberal amount of fine sand, seemed to offer the most ready means of carrying out tlie object. Permanency of moisture was in tlie main represented by using a fat or unctuous loam to the extent of a half-component part. The unctuous, or perhaps I may say soapy texture, I imparted by a liberal addition of very old vegetable matter, containing old tan, peat, and some rich old humus ; sand added afterwards. Some six barrows- ful were blended, and formed a station 18 inches deep by 6 feet square, on a brick or stone substratum ; the surface of the soil merely tlie ordinary ground level. I planted a Beurre d'Arem- berg — or at least it is either that or Glout Morceau — on a quince, and the success has been most complete. The tree has annually borne abundantly fruit of very excellent flavour, and melting ; indeed, one season it surpassed in flavour even the Winter. I hold it good pear culture to make a practice annually of selecting the shortest jointed and most mature annual shoots, and tying tliem down to the principal leaders in the June or July summer-pruning. The old and mechanical spurring system is surely exploded by this time ; it has proved a most fallacious course of practice for centuries, and the gardener who adheres yet tenaciously to it must be much attaclied to mere prescription. I do not say, spur not at all. No. When natural spurs con- tinue to form, and advance into blossom buds, by all means preserve them, but do not entirely rely on them. Notwithstanding the eligibility of the quince for a dwarfing system, I still think that the results of grafting on the pear stock would be very different, providing means were taken from the very seed-bed to* check the tendency to forked and deep roots by early and frequent transplanting. Plenty of fibrous surface roots thus obtained would, without any further difficulty, place the stock under an amount of control which would in all probability render it equivalent to the quince as to dwarfing matters ; whilst for the most part any ordinary soil would suit it, which cannot be said of the quince. The great tendency to produce breast-wood is the main evil to be avoided ; indeed, let any one only observe the old orchard pear-tree of possibly many centuries. I have witnessed many, very many, whicli have borne some ten to twenty bushels of perfect fruit annually, and which have never within my know- ledge produced above four or five inches in length of young wood each summer— in fact, I know of some in which it is scarcely possible to notice any elongation at all. The joints, moreover, are so close together that four or five may be found CULTIVATION OF CELERY. 55 in the compass of an inch ; whilst in the pampered tree of the kitclieii garden one joint or node alone will frequently occupy- more space. The proper ripening of peais in the room is, moreover, a matter of great importance, and about this I conceive we have all much to learn. It is quite probable with me that scarcely any two require precisely the same conditions of warmth to do them justice. This, if correct, is a necessary consequence of hybridisation, every pear, of course, being intermediate between some other two kinds, at least for the most part. The critical period, that makes or mars them, is, I conceive, when they first show a tendency to mellowness for the table. At this period, if their ripening is arrested for the sake of retarding them, it is almost sure to be at the expense both of their flavour and their melting properties. If I wei-e to build a fruit-room for myself, I would have a door at the further end leading into a pear-closet, in which I would have a slight amount of artificial warmth at command. The pears should all be on movable trays, and these trays, when required for use, should be removed a week or so previously, without disturbing the pears, to the warm room. A temperature of 60^ to 65° would perhaps be sufliicient. IX. — On the Cultivation of Celery. By W. Cole, Gardener to H. Colyer, Esq., Dartford. (Read at the Meeting, December 5, ISiS.) Herewith I take the liberty of handing you six sticks of celery, of a kind which I have grown for the last three years, and which I think both in point of size, solidity, and flavour will be found superior to any which has hitherto been cultivated. The specimens sent are not selected, but are merely examples of a general crop, planted without any object in view beyond that of the supply of my employer's table, and entirely without ever thiidcing of sending any of it for public exhibition. My stock consists of six hundred plants, planted in rows, four feet apart, and the plants nine inches apart in the row ; and I have not a doubt that the whole crop would average six pounds per stick. Not the least remarkable excellence in this celery is, tiiat it will stand twelve months without running or starting for seed, and such a thing as a pipy or stringy leaf I have never noticed so long as I have grown it. For a more circumstantial detail of my method of cultivation, I may remark the seed was sown the first week in February, and so soon as the plants were large DO CULTIVATION OF CELERY. enougii tliey were pricked out in garden soil, rich in vegetable matter, under hand-glasses. The trenches were prepared in the usual manner in the first week in June, by excavating them nine inches deep, and digging in a good dressing of the spent dung of an old mushroom bed. The plants were of course sti'ong when they were planted out, and each was removed to the trench with a good ball of earth adhering to the roots, so tliat (afterwards receiving a copious watering) they sustained little or no ciieck. In eartliing celery I generally endeavour to steer between the two extremes of frequently earthing, and earthing only when the plants are full grown, believing tiiat a little earth after the plants are fully established in the trenches, say a month after planting, promotes the rapid growtli of the plants, more especially if they receive a good soaking of weak liquid manure or soot- water a day or two before they are earthed. Soot-water is an excellent manure for celery ; and where worms and other insects are troublesome, a little dry soot dashed along the rows will be found a preventive of their ravages. The kitchen garden here being upon a boggy subsoil, and below the level of the river Dart, which passes through the grounds, I do not find it neces- sary to water the plants more than once or twice after they are planted out ; but in more elevated situations it is almost impos- sible to give too much water, always, however, preferring to give a thorongli .'^caking once every fortnight rather than daily drib- blings, which in my opinion do more harm tlian good. Were I so disposed, I iiave no doubt I could grow this celery double the size of that sent ; and to effect tiiis I should prepare the plants as before directed, excavate the trenches eighteen inches deep and tlie same in widtli, and fill them with a compost consisting of good turfy loam, peat, and leaf-mould, or thoroughly decomposed cow-dung, in about equal quantities. Very rieli dung is not good for celery, and strong manure- water should also be avoided. To grow large celery, it would be necessary to place the plants eighteen inches apart in tlie row, and the ground should be kept constantly stirred about the plants, taking great care, however, to prevent the soil getting into the hearts of the plants during the operations. In a late number of the ' Journal of tlie Horti- cultural vSociety ' I perceive Mr. Errington attributes the coarse and bad quality of the large celery grown for market to the luxuriance of its growtli. Here I venture to assert he is wrong. The bad quality of the celery is attributable to the bad kinds grown, as I am quite sure no person could grow this kind of celery, which has been named CoWs Superb Red, so as to make it either pipy or stringy or inferior in flavoiu*. Late earthing has more to do with making celery stringy than any- thing else, as it is quite certain if the leaves of celery are exposed GKOWTH OF PLANTS IN THE PURE EARTHS. 57 to full liglit and dry aii' for a length of time, the tissue will become harder than if the leaves were grown in comparative darkness. We need no stronger proof of this than the acrid flavour of the outer as compared with the inner leaves of the same celery, a fact demonstrating that if the leaves are exposed for a long time they acquire an acrid flavour which no blanching can wholly remove. For an early croj) of celery I sow in heat early in January, and prick the plants out upon a slight hot-bed ; for a second crop in February in heat as before directed, and for a late crop in March in the open garden. [Note. — This communication accompanied some very fine red celery, to which a Certificate was awarded.] X. — Experiments on the Growth of Plants in the Pure Earths, and also with Stimulants and Manure, made in the Years 1843-44. By W. H. Pepys, F.K.S., F.H.S. (Communicated February 18, 1845.) T'l T^ .1 f Silex . . . . 75 "I White Sand, ihe Earths I * i • i r ti- i , j ^ < Alumine . . . 15 > Fipe-clay. " ^ ( Carbonate of Lime 10 J Whitening. 100 The pots in which the experiments were made were green wine-bottles, cutting off their bottoms and reversing them on a stand for that purpose. (See figure, in next page.) April 26th, 1843. — The first experiment consisted in mixing the earths in the proportions desciiljed, and having placed some broken green glass as crocks in the gla.ss pot.-;, they were nearly filled with the mixed earths. Three yellow lupine-seeds, each weighing 2^\ grains, were then planted about half an inch deep therein, and watered with 3 oz. 5 drams of distilled water and exposed to the atmosphere. They were watered every day until the 29th of May, with from half an ounce to an ounce of dis- tilled water; anci on that day one of the seeds broke ground, only the cotyledon making its appearance ; the watering- was continued, and on the 5th of June a small plume appeared, but very weak, which increased but very slowly. On tiie 10th of July tlie plant had six leaf-stalks, of six leaves each ; and on the 1st of August, the plant being very weak, with eleven leaf- stalks, and no sign of bloom, it was removed from the vessel, 58 GEOWTH OF PLANTS IN THE PUBE EARTHS. — The Bottle-Pot (a Wine Bottle with the bottom ground oil'). •• Space of the Pure Earths. Glass Crocks. - Filter and Receiver. and weighed 42-^^,^ grains. From the plan of the glass-pot it will be seen that the distilled water, after its passage through the pot, could be examined as to any altei'ation in its quality : it was so tested, and with Litmus Brazil Wood . Prussiate of Potasli Muriate of Baryte Nitrate of Silver No reaction. None. None. None. Very slight. In one of the same glass pots filled with peat and loam three lupine-seeds of the same weight were planted and watered with cistern-water each day, and on the twentieth day from planting broke ground ; only one was suffered to grow, which was strong and healthy, and on the fortieth day from its breaking ground had twelve leaf-stalks, witli six to seven leaves eacli. Twenty days after it showed for flower, and being taken up weighed 192iV grains. April 28th, 1843. — Planted three lupine-seeds, 2 grains weight each, in the pure earths ; watered them with a solution of guano (1 oz. to 20 oz. water); continued the watering to the 14th of June without any appearance of the plants, examined the earths and found the shells of the lupine-seeds, the whole of the pulp in the interior having disappeared. GROWTH OF PLANTS IN THE PURE EARTHS. OU June 30th, 1843. — Planted twentj'^ mustard-seeds in the pure eartlis, watered them with distilled water, aud on the 5th of July two of the seeds broke ground very weakly; continued the watering-, and on the 7th two more appeared ; continued tiie process until they gradually decayed, wliich took place in a few days. October 5fh, 1843. — Planted three lupines in the pure earths as before described, watered them with a solution of sub-carbonate of ammonia (^ oz. to 1 quart of water) ; contiimed the watering with the same solution for tiiirty days, without any appearance of the plants, examined the earths and found the lupine-shells. October 5th, 1843. — Planted three lupines in the pure earths, watered tiiem with solution of muriate of ammonia (^ oz. to 1 quart of water) ; the plants not appearing- after thirty days, examined the earths and found the shells of the lupine-seed. April, 1844. — Planted three lupines, 2 grains each, in the pure earths, in which 30 grains of guano had been well mixed, watered them, and continued to do so every otiier day, and on the fourteenth day one lupine broke ground, and on the sixteenth day the other two ai)peared ; continued the supply of water when required, and on the Uth of June, as some of the leaves were faded, gave 20 grains more of guano as a top-dressing : in the course of three or four days it was evident that the top-dressing had improved the leaves, except the faded ones, which never regained their colour : continued the regular watering, and on the loth of July they began to show for flower; on the 2oth they were removed from their glass pots, and the roots shaken out from the adhering earth. The three plants weighed together 200 grains. A, 103 ) B, 49 200. C, 48 ) April, 1844. — Planted three yello^v lupines (2 grains weight each) in the pure earths, in which 30 grains of Daniell's Manure had been well mixed, watered them, and continued so to do every other day. On the 19th of April one broke ground: kept up the supply of water, and on the 10th of June gave a top-dressing of 20 grains more of Daniell's Manure, as the plant had always been of a stunted growth. On the 21st of July, as it had not improved, it was taken up ; it weighed 14 grains. April, 1844. — Planted three lupines, 2 grains each, in the pure earths, well mixed with 30 grains of soot ; watered them, 60 CLLTIVATION OF IPOM.EA FICIIOLIA. continuing the supply until the 14th of April, when the whole three broke ground and grew well. On the 10th of June gave 20 grains more soot as a top-dressing : thougli the soot remained, without ai)parent]y mixing with tlie eartlis, yet the plants im- proved by tiiis treatment, and on the 25th of July showed for flower. Upon removing them and shaking out the earth from the roots, the three weighed 215 grains. A, 98 ] B, 60 i 215. C, 57 J April, 1844. — Planted 3 lupines, 2 grains weight each, in the pure eartlis, well mixed with 30 grains of nitrate of potash ; watered, and the supply kept up until the 10th of June ; no appearance of a plant; the earths then examined, and the shell or covering of the seeds found empty. The same experiment as the last, only 30 grains of nitrate of ammonia mixed with the eartlis, the same result followed. The shells or covers of the seed left weighed 1 ^%- grains. XT. — On the Cultivation of Ipomcea Ficifolia, uilh a vietv to its Floweritig i?i the Conservatory during the Summer and Autumn Months. By James Duncan, C.M.H.S., Gardener to Joseph Martineau, Esq., F.H.S., Basing Park, Alton. (Communicated Aug. 17, 1848.) To keep up a semblance of perpetual spring in ornamental struc- tures, chiefly devoted to the cultivation of large specimen plants growing in the open borders, is an object, the attainment of which involves not only a considerable number of plants to flower at various periods, but a diversity of height and colour, which will at all times produce a display of considerable vaiiely and contrast in every ])art of the house. As the month of June approaches, not oidy the Camellias but most of the Acacias and other allied genera will have performed their functions of flowering. Tiie large tub and pot specimens too of Chinese Azaleas and Indian and hybrid Rhododendrons, which had kept such structures in a blaze of flower for several months previous to this period, will now be on the wane ; and to supply this deficiency of flower after the majority of the per- manent specimens are in their season of growth, I have had recourse to many of the climbing plants usually cultivated in CULTIVATION OF IPOM.EA FICIFOLIA. 61 stoves, but to none could I point with such certainty of success as to the beautiful and interesting Ipomgea ficifolia, which is usually in flower in the conservatory liere from June to Decem- ber. It has the merit over others of its genus of not being too rampant in growth nor sparing in its flowers : the latter too stand out well from the foliage, and altliough only of a diurnal character are replaced almost witliout interuiission. Tliis species was introduced some eight or nine years since by the Messrs. Salter and Wheeler, of the Victoria Xursery, Batii, and is figured in the ninth volume of Paxton's Magazine of Botany, and de- scribed as being well suited to pot culture in a moderate stove- heat. By tiie system, however, wliich I liave pursued, I have found it a most valuable acquisition to tlie conservatory during the sunmier and autumn months. The routine of cultiu'e wliich I Iiave practised for several years is to strike cuttings in the early part of the previous season to that in which tiiey are required to flower ; they are then shifted into a tliree-inch pot and grown in the cutting-frame. When the pots are sufficiently filled with roots the plants are again shifted into six-iucli pots, using liglit sandy mould on both occa- sions ; they are tlien placed on tlic front shelf of a coal-stove, in wliich the thermometer frequently falls as low as 40" during the early part of the winter. About the beginning of February the plants are sliifted into twelve-inch bottomless pots, using rough peat and yellow loam in equal quantities, together with a small quantity of decomposed leaf-mould and silver-sand : they are replaced in their former position in the stove, the heat in which is raised as tlie season advances. A piece of stron;>- cord is attached to tlie pots, and continued up the roof immediately under the glass ; it is then fixed to the back wall, and on this the shoots are trained as they grow. W^hen their period of removal to the conservatory has arrived, wliich is usually early in June, they ai"e readily taken from the roof, and all intertwining with other plants, or on tiie wires, is thus prevented. ' The pots are plunged to the rim in the conservatory border where they are intended to grow, and a brass chain is suspended from the roof immediately over the plants, and to which the coid is readily fixed. The shoots soon intertwine with the chain, and a column of rich purple blossoms, which are ever present, is thus created, forming a striking relief to the mnsses of foliage which exist at this period of the year. 62 EXPEUIMENTS MADE IN THE GARDEN OF THE SOCIETY XII. — Account of Experiments made in tJie Garden of the Horticultural Socicli/^ in 1848, wilJi reference to the Potato JJiseuse ; togetlier with some Observations on the same. By Robert Thompson. From a comparison of symptoms connected with the disease as exhibited by the crops of 1847, and those of the two previous years, hopes were entertained, wlien drawing up a Report on the subject twelve months ago, that ihe disease was on the decline. In Vol. III. p. 63, it is remarked that, contrary to expectation, some very fresh, healthy foliage was produced in the course of July, 1847, by stems that had been prostrated by disease ; that healthy tissue was in many instances protruded over the cankered portions of the underground parts of the stems ; and that fresh roots were subsequently emitted. In that season too there was a sprinkling of fresh foliage remaining in many instances till the natural period of decay in autumn. These symptoms, comjnired with tlie premature!)^ total destruction of the haulm in the two preceding years, 1845 and 1846, were considered favourable. In those years the decay of tlie haulm was more rapid in some cases tlian in others ; but in all cases the progress of the disease, whether fast or slow, was still onward : there was no temporary revival of the normal powers of vegetation exiiibited by the stems and foliage after the blotches began to appear on them. But the improvement, evidently commenced in 1847, continued only for a short time in the present season, and then wds com- pletely reversed, owing most probably to the excessively wet period which ensued after the young tubers were formed. A considerable quantity of rain fell in the months of March and April, but May was unusually dry, scarcely 3-lOths of an inch having fallen during the whole month. In fact, the potato plants were then in want of moisture. Of this they had a suf- ficiency in June and Julj\ Tiie quantity of rain in the.se months was respectively 3*20 and 2*21 inches, the former being T3 inch above the average, the latter somewhat below the average. In the yet precarious condition of the potato, a quan- tity of rain below the average would |)robably have been more suitable ; but still what did fall seemed not to injure materially the constitution of the plant, for intervals in which the atmo- sphere posses.sed a considerable amount of dryness were frequent. In August there were only five dry days throughout the month, and 4"70 inches, nearly double the usual quantity of rain, fell. Had the constitutions of the plants been perfectly sound, the tubers would have been watery, excepting on open, dry .soils ; but the tissue was not sound, and consequently incapable of digesting such excess of moisture, and the putrescent form was WITH UErERENCK TO THE TO! ATO DISEASE. 63 rapidly manifested. This was not the case in the previous dry season. Had the weather proved dry in August, there is every reason to suppose that the crop wouhl have been tolerably sound and abundant. The disease, it is true, could be detected on the underground portion of the stem in many instances in June ; but notwithstanding this the fibres of the roots were sounder and more abundant than in the two previous years, at the same period of the season. The accompanying table contains statements of the produce of a number of varieties cultivated in the usual way, but differing considerably under the same circumstances in tlie amount of sound produce; and I have to observe that tlie soundness of any particular variety in one season is no sure criterion that the same variety will be equally exempt from disease in another season. For example, the Jersey Blues produced, in 1846, upwai'ds of fifteen tons per acre sound, whilst in the present season their return was scarcely half a ton of sound tubers. Other results in the table are from varieties treated experimentally with reference to the disease. All are given as tliey were actually weighed ; and from tliese data the calculations per acre have been made. The rate per acre not only affords a uniform standard of com- parison, but likewise the most familiar iilea of the amount of produce, sound and diseased. The results are numbered for convenient reference. Tiie rows were everywhere 2^ feet apart ; cut sets were employed, and planted 6 or 7 inches deep, and about the same distance from each other in the rows. No manure was applied ; but Nos. 1 to 36 inclusive were grown in kitchen-gardtn soil previously manured for vegetable crops. In the results 1 to 5 tiie quantity of diseased tubers was nearly double that of the sound. Crucksliank's Early, a variety selected as aff<)rding a fair sound produce in former years, proved the worst diseased in this quarter, in which Thurstone's Con- queror yielded by far the best and largest amount of produce ; but tliis, in its turn, may in another season yield the reverse, such is the precarious nature of the disease. Many of Nos. 1 to 4 were totally rotten, so that it was impossible to take them into account. The produce of No. 14, three rows of Jersey Blues, was little more than 7 cwt. per acre ; No. 16, the same sort, produced only half a ton sound. Tiie average of these four rows was 8 cwt. 62 lbs. sound, and 5 tons 19 cwt. 82 lbs. diseased per acre. An intermediate row of Jersey Blues, treated according to Meyer's method, gave at the rate of about 3 cwt. less of total produce per acre ; but instead of only 8 cwt. 62 lbs., which was the average of sound per acre afforded by the rows on each side of it, the sound produce of Meyer's row, No. 15, was 2 tons 17 cwt. 57 lbs., or 64 EXrEr.IMENTS MADE IN THE GARDEN OF THE SOCIETY more tliaii seven times the quawtity of sound tubers produced by the rows on each side. Such being the fact, it becomes desirable to explain tlie method adopted, by some extracts from a pamphlet entitled 'Treatise on a Method of Managing the Potato Tiant, with a view to Saving the Present Crop from the Ravages of the Disease ; being the Substance of a Communication made before the President and Comicil of the Royal Society of Agriculture of England. By II. L. Meyer.' This autlior says — " I propose a method of protection, which, I think, may be equally effective against any one of the above-mentioned causes of the disease, whether animal, vegetable, atmospheric, or electric. I propose to cover up the plant with the readiest material at hand,— namely, the soil it grows in. The manner in which this must be done is, by laying down the haulm, and covering it over with earth from the root to within a few inches of the extremity, leaving only the tips of the plant exposed to the benefits of light and air. " A field, when thus treated, presents to view a succession of ridges of earth and valleys ; the ridges contain the potatoes and the stems of the plants earthed over, and in tiie valleys or furrows lie securely the tips of tlie foliage. Should the injurious blight occur wliile the field remains in this state, the tops of the plants are greatly sheltered from its influence by the ridges of earth they lie between. Nothing further will be required but to watch the field, and continue to cover up the haulms from time to time, so as to keep only the tips exposed. " The process thus described should be immediately put in practice, instead of the usual method of ' earthing up,' and while the stems of the plant are still pliant and manageable. This simple process will not require any outlay, and in point of labour only stands in the place of tlie usual method of earthing up. . . . The best way of putting this mode in practice is, by laying down the haulms with the hand, and afterwards covering them with the earth that lies between the rows. " The earlier the plant can be attended to, as I have proposed, the less it is liable to receive tlie germ or inoculation of the infection ; but owing to the present advanced state of the plant, it may be advisable to administer lime or some other purifying substance before covering the haulm. " It is desirable to lay the stems down in a direction away from the east, as much towards the south-west as possible, because it is from the east that blights of all descriptions appear to originate. " The usual manner of planting potatoes being in rows only sufficiently apart to allow room for the underground shoots and WITH REFERENCE TO THE POTATO DISEASE. 65 tubers to vegetate, it will be found necessary to lay the haulms of the plant down in a slanting or oblique direction, so as to let the exposed tops of the haulm reach only to the centre of the valley or furrow, thereby gaining the double advantage of room and protection." In the absence of the diagrams which accompany the pamphlet the mode of inclining the tops will be sufficiently understood bj^ supposing the rows to run north and south ; then the haulm will be laid, not pointing to the west, but to the south-west. No. 18, a variety of potato from Norway, planted in the same quarter, afforded more sound produce tlian the other variety treated in the usual way. Results Nos. 20 to 33 are from a number of seedlings, the produce of which proved all badly diseased, affording additional proof that seedlings are as liable to be attacked as old varieties. No. 30 was raised from a variety received two years ago from the north of Finland, the tubers being sound after enduring tlie sea- voyage, packed in the hold of tlie ship. Nos. 37 to 54 were from drier soil in tlie Experimental Garden. The tubers were planted whole in hills, as suggested by the raisers of the varieties, Messrs. Hardy and Sons. It appears that planting in hills was disadvantageous in this instance ; as was also the case in 1847 (see Vol. III. p. 55). The average sound produce of Nos. 37 to 45 was 4 tons 10 cwt. 66 lbs. per acre. The same sort planted in rows, Nos. 55 to 58, averaged 5 tons 13 lbs. In hills the diseased portion averaged 5 tons 1 cwt. 3 lbs. per acre ; in rows only 1 ton 17 cwt. 56 lbs. Nos. 55 to 65 exhibit the results of the method proposed by Dr. J. F. Klotzsch to protect potatoes against disease. It con- sists essentially in this : " During the fifth, sixth, or seventh week after the tubers have been planted, or in the fourth or fifth week after the planting of rooted shoots, or at any time when the young plants have reached a height of six or nine inches above the ground, the tops of the branches are lojiped or clipped [pinched off] by means of the thumb and first finger, to the extent of half an inch. This operation must be repeated the tenth or twelfth week after planting, it being immaterial at what hour of the day." The ground for experimental purposes in the Society's garden being limited, tlie sets for this experiment could not be planted so early as would have been desirable. They were planted the first week in May. When between six and nine inches above ground the plants were treated according to the above recommendation. But by the time that ihe opera- tion ought to have been repeated, it had been severely performed by the disease. The results, however, give on the average a slight balance in favour of stopping. The method seems to VOL. IV. F 66 EXPERIMENTS MADE IN THE GARDEN OF THE SOCIETY deserve further trial, especially as regards plants growing in soils which induce an over-luxuriance of haulm. Nos. 66 to 103 refer to an experiment tried August 9th, con- sisting in pulling up the haulm, whicli was considerably decayed, and then beating and rolling the rows. Every alternate half- row was thus treated, the other half of each row being left for comparison. Tlie rows ran north and south. The lialf of the first row at the soutli end was rolled, the north end of the next, the south end of tlie third, and so on alternately. The average sound produce was somewhat less in the rolled than in the un- rolled portions ; but the quantity diseased was not half' so cjreat in the rolled portions as it was in the unrolled. The tables to Avhich these references belong will be found at p. 70 and the following. An experiment was tried, September 2nd, of dusting the foliage with sulphur. It appeared to hasten the decay of the stems and foliage, and the comparative results were decidedly against the sulphured portion. Amongst all the remedies which have been tried against the disease, none appear to have been completely effectual. AVhile the cause of the malady is involved in mystery, any remedial application must be considered as an affair of chance. It is m ell, notwithstanding, to try various remedies ; for some of the most valuable discoveries have been obtained by accident. It is like- wise proper to record even the failures of supposed cures, in order that other trials and substances may be substituted. Various theories respecting the cause of the disease have been propounded and strenuously advocated, but there is still room for conjecture ; and even if these should prove wrong, some of them may never- theless give rise to others nearer the truth. With this view of the subject, 1 may be allowed to add a few remarks. There is perhaps no article of food so extensively culti- vated over the surface of the globe as the potato. Wheat has a wide range of climate ; but the potato succeeds, or did succeed, in higher latitudes than it. Co-extensive with the range of the potato appears to be the influence of the disease. It has occurred in all quarters of the globe. It did not commence by attacking some particular variety, in a particular locality, and thence progressed along with the extended cultivation of that infected sort ; for the propagation of no one variety could keep pace with the spread of tlie disease. Old varieties and recent seedlings were, generally speaking, indiscriminately attacked ; and Avhetlier tubers were brought from the native country of the potato, or seeds of it from the antipodes, it was no guarantee that their progeny would be sound. The contrary has been proved in both cases, in the Society's garden. The universality of the disease WITH KEFEKENCE TO THE POTATO DISEASE. 67 may be inferred from its prevailing in widely distant countries at the same time. Great Britain, Canada, St. Helena may be instanced. It must be concluded that a disease so universal must proceed from some universal cause. Then it may be asked what the causes are by wiiich vegetation is most imiversally affected. Vegetation is universally affected by Temperature, But to this the disease cannot be attributed. We have had hot and cold and temperate seasons since the disease visited us ; and it has continued through them all. A peculiar sudden cliill may have spread over great part of Europe and Nortli America, from their proximity to tlie frozen regions ; but such could never reach across the Line and affect the tropical island climate of St. Helena, and the vegetation of the potato there. Vegetation is universally dependent on 3Ioisture : some plants indeed require but little, yet all must have some. Moisture, as we have seen, develops the latent disease or accelerates its pro- gress, but cannot be said to cause it, else why did it not occur in wetter and in drier seasons tlian any we have had since 1845? The potato has been diseased where less than twenty inches depth of rain have fallen in a year. Formerly it was not diseased in seasons quite as dry ; nor was it formerly diseased, on the con- trary, in localities wliere twice that quantity was not unusual. Therefore the excess or deficiency of moisture has not certainly been the cause of disease. Vegetation requires the presence of Air. This of course it has liad. And with regard to tiie amount of atmospheric pressure, this has not varied throughout these years in any considerable degree. Besides, the potato grows at the level of the sea where the atmospheric piessure averages about 2126 lbs. on every square foot ; and it thrives likewise on the table-lands of South America at an elevation of 10,000 feet, where the pressure is 743 lbs. less on every square foot than it is at the level of the sea. Therefore it cannot be affected to any considerable extent by minute differences in the density of the air. There is yet another important and universal agent necessary for healthy vegetation, and that is Light. We have had some experience in the use of instruments for estimating the intensity of light ; and, in the general sense of the word, it does not appear to have been so defective as to occasion anything like absolute disease. The potato, it is well known, has frequently elongated its shoots several feet or yards in a dark recess, succu- lent and blanched, it is true, till they have reached the light ; but on doing so, green foliage was produced, and no constitu- tional disease was engendered. In very shaded situations, potatoes produced weaker, paler, and altogether more imperfect plants and tubers than in situations where they were well ex- F 2 68 EXPKRIMENTS MADE IN THE GAEDEN 01' THE SOCIETY pcsed to light : but in tliis there was nothing unaccountable — nothing but; what any observer of vegetation would have ex- pected under the circumstances ; there was no decided disease. Grown in fuller light, potatoes have of late, however, been diseased ; and yet it is not to bo inferred that light has not influenced tlie disease. Apparently, tlie solar light may not be deficient, but it may be defective in some of its usual properties as regards its action on vegetation. It exerts a chemical action on tiie four organic elements, namely, oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. The grand result of its action is the decomposi- tion of carbonic acid in the leaves, and consequent fixation of the carbon, which being assimilated, constitutes the principal portion of the solid parts of plants. It is generally supposed that the decomposition of carbonic acid is directly effected by the action of light on tlie leaves of plants, but Dr. Draper states in an article in the Philosophical Magazine for September, 1843, that "there are many facts which go to prove that the decomposition of carbonic acid is a secondary result, brought about by the action of a nitrogenized ferment in a state of eremacausis, the sunlight operating in the first instance upon the ferment itself." Dr. Draper has satis- factorily ascertained that both oxygen and nitrogen are evolved in the process, and that the volume of mixed gases, namely, oxygen and nitrogen, is precisely equal to the volume of carbonic acid decomposed : but the relative proportions of the oxygen and nitrogen are variable. The potato contains a greater quantity of easily separable pure starch than is, perhaps, to be found in any other vegetable. Starch is readily changed into other substances under certain influences. It is decomposed by fermentation ; the latter is induced by nitrogeiuzed substances. Liebig, if I am not mis- taken, has stated that diseased potatoes contain an excess of nitrogen. Tiiis may be owing to some change which has taken place in the action of the sun's rays, and the potato plant may liave been the most liable to be thereby affected, from its great abundance of starch intermixed with comparatively litileof otiier substances. Sir John Ilerschel found, in 1840, that the action of solar light was exceedingly various, both as regards its total intensity and the distribution of the active rays over the spectrum. It is well known that a ray of solar light, or what is termed a ray, is actually compounded of several rays of different colours — red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. These rays are found by persons engaged in photographic processes to exert influences not only different in degree of intensity, but even totally negative or antagonistic. Dr. Draper, however, cor- "WITH REFERENCE TO THE POTATO DISEASE. 69 roborates Sir John Herschel's statement regarding the variable- ness of their respective effects: alluding to the negative effects produced by the violet rays, he states {Philosophical Magazine, vol. XXX. p. 90), " To my surprise I soon found that the negative effect was gradually disappearing, and on September 29 it could no longer be traced, except at the Idghest part corresponding to the yellow and green rays. In December it had become still more imperfect ; but on the I9th of the following March the red and orange rays had recovered their original protective power."; He adds, "Are there then periodic changes in the nature of the sun's light ?" That this is the case seems highly probable, from the vast changes which must take place in the body of the sun or at his surface to produce those spots which have of late been so conspicuous as to be seen in some instances with the naked eye. In Sir John Herschel's Results of Astro- nomical Observations made at the Cape, he mentions, as instances of tlieir enormous magnitude, that one " occupied an area of nearly five square minutes ; and as a square minute on the sun corresponds to 756,000,000 square miles, we have here an area of 3,780,000,000 square miles included in one vast region of disturbance, and this requires to be increased for foresiiortening." He mentions another which "would have allowed the globe of the earth to drop through it, leaving 1000 miles clear of contact on all sides of that tremendous gulf" In the present year, Mr. Pringle, of Edinburgh, gives an ac- count of one of which, on the 21st of September, the diameter was estimated at 60,000 miles. It would, therefore, occupy a space more than fifty times the size which the earth would require to drop through. The shadows of some of these spots have been projected, and it has been found tiiat the shaded i)arts have been considerably defective in heat compared with the parts illuminated by the unobscured portions of the sun's disc. These spots, it appears, interfere with the heating rays ; and from the foregoing statements it is highly probable that the derangements which have been observed to take place in tlie chemical action of the prismatic rays are owing to the same cau.>-e. In one instance Dr. Draper found the action of the red ray inverted. May not similar inversions have been ^ufficient to prevent the exhibition of the usual green colour observed since the commencement of the disease in the young tips of the potato stems, indicating an imperfect action of the light, and consequent imperfect assimilation of the organic elements, diseased tissue and secretions being the result? Whether those qualified to in- vestigate this view of the subject will find these conjectures correct or not remains to be seen. At all events, except in tlie great source of light, I can find no cause sulficientiy univeisal to correspond with the universality of the potato disease. 70 EXPEKIMENTS MADE IN THE GAKDEX OF THE SOCIETY a> .d vo — < Gi --^ CO O Tt< t- -H C^l t— LO '^ cc lo -^ c^ GO r- 3 "^ -' >0 03 OS ^ •* o: CO CM « CO 00 lO CO rt .-H Ci lo CO 'S S 4.; o (jj g O CD >0 ■* C<1 t^ O t- O ^ GO CO -^ CO 'M CO CO CO t- Ph M t— 1 ^H .— 1 1— ( 1—1.-^ 1— 1 --< "Sg ■q a o CM CO '^i »o -* »0 O lO CO o o CO >0 CO CO —I Oa rH 1^ o .Q Oi 00 CO CO CO Ol CO (M — 1 CO r-1 O CO CM 1— O CO Tt< O " r-^ o >o o ■<:t< O 0 (M Oi Ci lr~ CO CO CO O t^ 1— 1 I— 1 • • t— 1 1—1 i-A .a * • ' s ' * * * o -(-> OJ . ^ . . . . • • J» >-> "fH a; V e . :>^ dKid • 3? • • • • o a> . a; . . . . a> • "^^ e • • • > > > fcD Eh' o Si C3 4> o « < Early Manly Jackson's Improved Asl Cornish Kidney . Seven Weeks' Kidney . Ash-leaved Kidney Do. or Marjolin . ■t-> Cm O OJ > < Jersey Blue „ treated acco Waller's Kidney Potato from Norway . Dutch i-H (M PO Tt< uo CO jt- 00 OS o ^ c^i CO Tfi IC CO t- 00 05 1— 1 I-H I— ( 1— t 1— ( I— 1 WITH KEFERENCE TO THE POTATO DISEASE. 71 CO'-^CTiCOl— — iCO — t— lO Tfl i.O CO "^ 00 00 CO — i^C^]>0»OCOG50t^t:^COO(Mt-0000>-':> C o Tf t- Tf t- o r- ^ OT}H CO»OCCCOt-t-CO(M UO f— 1 ^OOiMOcoOt- CO iO O 00 O 'O t- 00 CO Ol lO O 5i-OCr>CO(M>0 lO-^iCOCOvoOfMC^ • C^liO'-^COCOV5C^l(N(MiOCOOiO»OCiiMCO r-tOrHOCO'M'-li-H-tlr-lr-l^— I— -0C0O'+iO00 oooooooooooooooo iM !M C^] CJ ■>! C^J C^l CM 'M (M 'M !M S^J -M 'M CO Tt< — I -M CO ^ »0 CO t- 00 ^s Si CO M^ • a) >- • ,-;oco'ir-^o6ai^oicocoo6J: - ^ rt _( — ( r-( c ~ "l :^ :;:;;: r; :;:;:;:; r r; :; :^ I ^-Q M ^ fee I CO o bo > o ^ W CO Tj^ »0 CO t- 00 Oi o T— 1 Ol CO ^ »o CO t- 00 Oi O — 1 w CO '^ lO -M 0 t- (M !M 0) t> o -t5 0^ E-i ^t^i— (t^coiO— lOiOO -* yDOcococoeot^CD CO Oi 05 o 0< .t-'-HOlt-P-l'-OOt^ C£) OqOlCOOi— iTf^Tfi CO CO ^ ,2 tS ■t-a T-H r-H "3 o fl ^ s ■^■^t-Oii-iOCOt-tf* CO t-OOt-COCO'^COO. CO iM O 'a en t^i— 1 t— li-Hr— Ir— Ir— li— ( l-H 1—1 t— 1 1—1 l-H —1 O o (M (M ^ (M (M — 1 rt (M iM '^ >0 O CO CO C^l r-i Oq CO CO o 'eight of Libers ;eased. Noq-MTt^TtHujiou:!^ vOi-ilMC^COiOlMOO O l-H i—l 1— 1 I-^ l-H 1— 1 W r-< ,-1 nH f-l (M O-l (M 01 ; G0C£)C0t-r-4OC0O : ; ; ^ ^S X! (M CO "ti 03 • N-*iCCO o) oj q; T3 0) ■ o ,,-., a.^-s G.^-^ o-,-v &1 _ a. ^ CU~ ^'^ — -'o — ^ tl oiOasOuOajO ^ &.-« C" G.-" Q--" &.-" Oiiif Sn-tf a,+e w OOoOoCoO b5^^Sb6b5. Uj bD ^ _C O "S- • Tt^ # o H o >^ a; > o ^ S(H o « o3 <1> Gj s o CO 1 ' O s 1 ^ ^ .^ r, T -G «*H O o i fcD ^ p o c ^ >• <1 o sg _aj „^^.N^^„ .»:;:: r g :;:; p bo s -^r,,,.,-,^.... t^ a> rt "E 'H "s !h cS ri lis > « a ^ ^ CDt-ooosOi-ioieo Tf lOCOt-OOCiOi-tO] CO rt< >o rJH TjH Tt' ■^ >0 >0 ^O lO VO »o>oio>oiococoo CO CO CO WITH KEFEB.ENCE TO THE POTATO DISEASE. 73 -— iCi GO 'OiOCO^p-hOO 00rt>OT00^^O'O— CCO^OJi— I O^O'M'O'— <00t^C0aiC0Ot~'M!M»OO^'M— i-fCi— 'eOO--C5 r-^O^OOOOOOOOOOOOOOCO^OOOOOOO 1^ 0 C^l ^ O •* 00 O O C^l i-O TjH lO ^ Oi eOt-HQ OiiOCiOt^O^ 05t^^(MC-iC000O^-H— (05>0 1—1 1— li— ll— il— li— II— It— II— 1 ^H^Hi— li— I COOr-iiOOCO-*(M^>Ot^r- ^^ '^.^^^-'^ --■ '-S_X^».^^ ^^ ^N ^^ ^-_^^ 'S— ' ■s « <^ ^ s § &D ^ .g c M r; r^ r - :;^^ ^, a> -rJ •« -^ a •""^ S ^ s a s ^ D5 sjs CB ^ r, ^ ^ ^ ■/! 1" 52 ^ ^ „ ^ ^ ,< ^ >t§ -a c3 t*^ w w -bd .. „ X ^ w C0t^(»050i— i(MC0'^>0COt^00CiO^'MC0^»Oo CO lO a^ Q> 1 — 1 o£ c a'O r-HOOOOOOC o o ■rr CO ►O a> ^ ^OOO'M'-'CO-^'CO'MO t- CO Tt^ rtH a> P^ '^cot-Oi^c^j^O'^ai GO lO Tfl 'xt^ cd tj c "^ "^ "3 3 o "OliOOCDOt^OO^OO CD ^ CD r-l "S cn to r-l 1—1 — , —> .— 1 O S CO CO ^ (M CO oa (M fO (M CO CO CO VO ■tS to'O ^lOrHi-HCOO^COO^O 00 05 ^ t2 !> O r^ 1— 1 1— 1 Weig of Tube Diseas .1— i(Mi— ii— iQi— iCO^^ , ^ CO ^^- CD ^ ;S NCOtMiOi— iro^i-H>o>o o o -a "-e O r_ ^ ^ rt r-< QO«M aj 3 • • •3 o-a 3 • • ^ Hcg >-0 CO bCt.-, ^ ,^ COOCDCDCOCOCOCOCO O] (M a o ofe , , 1 — 1 1—1 "u W _ ►J .s /-N ^~s /-S .^N x) TS -tS -d -C (U Co _aj ^ ^ ^ "o -c 'Tj'o-Ts'or^'o'w o-ri Sh ^ X s ai^"aj^a)'-'aj'-^ c « ^^ Sm c o 5Ji •1 -'^ a -5 s -< CO sKid cS 2 -If T5 ^ « o ^ fco -1 ^ bo O "^ y3 »v»N*v^rs»N«>»N l« JD Qi « > ffi w co-^ia>r^t^coGiO<-f (M CO Tf >C OiC^OCiOiCiOOO o o o o r-H 1—1 r— 1 r— 1 r-H 1—1 FKUIT AND KITCHEN PLANTS IN THE SOCIETY'S GARDEN. 75 XIII. — Notes on Fruit and Kitchen Plants proved i?i the Garden of the Society in 1848. By R. Thompson. 1. The Queen Muscat Grape. A PLANT of a vine under tlie above name was received last spring from Mr. Glendinning, Cliiswick Nursery, Turnham Green. It was only a young plant raised from an eye in the previous season. It however fruited in an 8-inch pot. The size the bunch would attain from a well-established vine can therefore only be estimated comparatively with that of other sorts grown in a pot under similar circumstances, and accordingly it may be stated to be larger than that of the Royal Muscadine. The berries are also fully as large as those of tlie latter, but perfectly dis- tinct, being oval. They are yellowish wliite, semi-transparent, so that the one seed which each berry contains can be seen through the skin. The flesh is firmer than that of the Sweet- water, but much more tender than that of the Muscat of Alex- andria, rich and sugarj\ It is an early grape ; and as far as can be judged of it, grown as above stated, it appears highly de- serving of cultivation. For pot culture it has proved to be 'exceedingly well adapted. 2. Cardon Puvis. This is a variety of cardoon remarkable for its almost entire and spineless leaves. In tiiis season there were some sharp frosts in November, the temperature being sometimes 10°, and in one instance 14^ below the freezing-point. It appeared from these circumstances that the Cardon Puvis was more tender than the Cardon de Tours. 3. Largest Asiatic Caueifloaver. This is a good variety of cauliflower, seeds of which were this year, and formerly, received from Messrs. Schertzer, of Haarlem. It grows taller, and produces larger heads, than the common, under the same circumstances. 4. Earey Leyden Cauliflower. Also received from Messrs. Schertzer, of Haarlem. This ap- peared identical with Legge's Walcheren Brocoli or Cauliflower, noticed vol. i. p. 309. To this notice, and particularly to the excellent directions by the late Mr. Legge for the cultivation of the variety, I would beg to direct attention. A correction is required, page 310, line 6 from the top : — " For the purpose of solving seed," read saving seed. It is difficult in very many cases to save brocoli-seed correctly in this country, and to save it in any degree of perfection is often impossible. It is therefore satisfactory to know that this most useful variety, sometimes dif- ficult to obtain under the name of Legge's "VValcheren Brocoli or Cauliflower, may be procured, under the name of the Early Leyden Cauliflower, from the Continent. 76 fkuit and kitchen plants in the society's gaeden. 5. Black Sicilian Cauliflower. This, received from Messrs. Schertzer, of Haarlem, proved to be the Purple Cape Brocoli. 6. Haricot d'Espagne Hybride. This is a hybrid variety of scarlet runner, presented to the Society by Messrs. Vilmorin, of Paris. The blossoms are very beautiful — brigiit scarlet and pure white. The pods did not re- main quite so long fit for use as those of'the old scarlet ruuner. It however dt^serves cultivation. 7. Shilling's New French Bean. This seems a cross between the French bean and scarlet runner. The pods are large, and remain long tender. 8. Dwarf Crimson-seeded Bean. Feve trcs-naine ■rouge. Presented to the Society by Messrs. Vilmorin, of Paris. This proves to be a very dwarf prolific variety of broad bean. It does not exceed a foot in height. The pods are about three inclies in length, roundish, generally well filled. The seeds are crimson, nearly the size of those of the Long-pod Bean. It is so very dwarf that it could be grown in- rows 12 to 15 inches apart. It might be very conveniently in- troduced in systems of intermediate cropping, as it would occa- sion but little shade. Its amount of produce, compared with tiiat of taller kinds, has not been ascertained; but this point will be determined the first opportunity. 9. Onions. On examining the varieties of those grown this season, it was ascertained that the French Red, and also the Blood-red Spanish, from Schertzer, of Haarlem, are the same as the Oignon Rouge Noir from Vilmorin, and are the Blood Onion well saved. The Yellow Spani.sli from Schertzer is the same as the Oignon d'Espagne from Vilmorin. The French White from Schertzer is of the colour of the Silver-skinned ; but it is later, and it has the fault of being too thick at the neck. 10. The Large Rouen Leek. Poirecm tres-gros de Rotten. Presented by M. Vilmorin, of Paris. This was grown alongside the London Flag and the Netherlands Leek ; and under the same circumstances it proved larger and of a darker green than either. It can therefore be highly recommended for cultivation. 11. Barrott's New Crimson Beet. Presented by Mr. Glendinning. This proves to be an excel- lent variety. It is less apt to fork than the Castelnaudary, from which it has probably been raised. Like those of the latter, its leaf-stalks have a yellow tinge. It is somewhat larger than the Castelnaudary. Flesh very dark crimson. The best variety known. ( 77 ) NEW PLANTS, ETC., FROM THE SOCIETY'S GARDEN. 1. SwAMMERDAMiA ANTEXNARiA. Ue Caudolle, Prodfomus, vol. vi. p. 164. This is a small compact evergreen bush, not at present more than 3 feet higli. It has angular viscid shoots, and a foliage the colour of Euonymus japonicus. The leaves are at the largest not more than an inch long, and generally smaller, obovate, apiculate, or perfectly blunt, veinless, concave, with a little mealiness on the under side when young. The flower-heads are small, white, and collected in little lateral corymbose panicles. It is found wild in Van Diemen's Land, on the sides of Mount Welling- ton, where it flowers in the months of January, February, and March. The late Professor De Caiidolle gave it its name, in allusion to the form of the pai^pus, which lie thought resembled the antennae of an insect, a very obscure peculiaritJ^ A hai'ily evergreen small shrub, growing freely in any common garden soil, and easily increased by cuttings in the usual way. Its clusters of small flowers add little to its beauty, which is confined to the foliage. Jime 17, 1848. 4^\ ■^yV^- ^^ '^ 78 NEW PLANTS, ETC., 2. LiMNANTHEs ROSEA.* Benthum. Raised from seeds brouglit home by Mr. Ilartvveg in 1848, and said to be found in swampy places in the Sacra- mento Valley, California. A prostrate succulent plant, with all the habit of Limnanthes * L. rosea, Bentham ; foliis linearibus pinnatis bipinriatis iutegrisque laci- niis filiformibus, indivisis, pedunculis foliis multo lougioribus, petalis basi barbatis, fructu coniigato. — J. L. FEOM THE SOCIETY'S GARDEN. 79 Douglasii. The leaves are extremely narrow, and sometimes have no side lobes; in other cases they are pinnate or even somewhat bipinnate. The flowers are a pale dirty rose colour, and stand on stalks much longer than the leaves. Each petal has its base bordered with long hairs. It is a hardy annual, and requires the same treatment as Col- linsias and Nemophila insignis. If sown in the autumn, it flowers in May; if sown in the spring, it flowers during the summer. It is tolerably pretty, but of less interest than L. Douglasii. The collector who found it called it L. pulchella, a name which is only calculated to mislead. Oct. 16, 1848. 3. ^SCHYNANTHUS PaXTONI.* Received from Messrs. Henderson, of the "Wellington Nursery, St. John's- wood Road. * iE. Taxtoni; foliis coriaceis oblongo-lanceolatis acuminatis petiolatis convexis subtus punctatis, bracteis membrauaceis oblongis subrhombeis cou- cavis pedicellis longioribus, sepalis 5 oblongis obtusissimis, corollae limbo piano labio superiore emarginato lateralibusque truncatis. — J. L. 80 NEW riANTS, ETC., This plant, Avliich bears in gardens the name of -ZEsehy- nanthus Paxtoni, does not appear to have been described. It has large convex dark green even leaves, which are slightly marked on the under side with impressed dots. The bracts are of unusual size, thin, pale green, slightly stained with red. The sepals are remarkably large and broad, and are divided to the very base. The flowers are dull red, with a flat limb, divided into four nearly equal lobes, which are square at the end, as if they had been cut off. It seems to be most nearly allied to .iEsch. ramosissimus and Griffitliii. A trailing half-shrubby stove plant, growing freely in any light mixture, such as leaf-mould and broken crocks, with plenty of drainage. It also may be grown fastened to a rough block of wood, and surrounded with moss. It re- quires a moist atmosphere while in a growing state ; but after- wards should be kept nearly dry. It is easily increased by cuttings. It is a showy kind, but not so handsome as the smaller species. Oct. 16, 1848. 4. Polygonum vacciniifolium. Wallich, Plants Asiaticce Raiiores, iii. 54 ; Royles Illustrations, t. 80, f. 2. Raised from seeds received, in April, 1845, from Captain William Munro, from the northern parts of India. A trailing plant, with permanent half-shrubby stems. The leaves are oblong, mucronulate, dark-green, glaucous on the un- der side, and furnished with slieathing stipules, bordered with very long bri.stles. The branches wliich bear the flowers rise from the ground to the height of 3 or 4 inches, and are each fur- nished witii from 2 to 4 narrow spikes of deep rose-coloured flowers. Dr. Royle states that this grows on the Himalayas to the height of from 7000 to 13,000 feet, which accounts for its being per- fectly hardy in England. It is an extremely pretty species, trailing, growing freely in any good well-drained loamy soil, and easily increased by cut- tings. Its flowers are a great decoration during autumn to rock- work, among which its roots strike to a considerable depth. They continue to retain their gay colours till the frost changes them to a warm brown. Sejjt. 7, 1847. FEOM THE SOCIETY'S GAKDEN. 81 5. CVCLOBOTHUA MONOPHYLLA.* Brouglit home by Mr. Hartweg in June, 1848, and said to liave been collected upon the Sacramento Mountains, where it is very scarce. A bulbous plant, Avith a long" coarse membranous neck, ex- tending 3 or 4 inches under ground. Stem 3 or 4 inclies high, slender, bearing a single linear-lanceolate leaf, glaucous on the under side, and about three times its own length. The flowers are from two to three in a corymb, with curved peduncles, longer than the very narrow bracts ; they are smaller than is usual in the genus, and of a uniform bright yellow. The sepals are ovate, and A'ery sharp pointed ; the p.^tals are of a similar figure, but not so acute, and are covered with coarse hairs. It is a hardy little bulb, which requires the same kind of treatment as Calochortuses. It should be grown in a light soil, composed of sandy peat, loam, and leaf-mould, with plenty of sand. It is increased by offsets from the old bulb. The proper place for it is an American border, where it should be left undisturbed. g^^f^ 10, 1848. 6. Abronia umbellata. Lamarck, Illustrations, i. 469, t. 105. Raised from seeds, received from Mr. Hartweg in January, 1848, and said to have been collected on the sands near the sea-shore, Monterey, California. This plant, like the rest of the genus, grows naturally in * C. monophylla ; folio soUtario Ihieari sublanceolato acuminato subtus glaucescenti scapo subtrilioro ebulbi triple lougiore, pedunculis bractea linear! acumiuata longioribus, sepalis acutis calvis petalisque undique barbatis apice recurvis. — J. L. VOL. IV. G 82 NEW PLANTS, KTC, loose sand, the particles of which adliere to its oUitinous surface. In such places it creeps ah)iig- the ground, producing- long root- ing stems, and ovate obtuse succulent leaves, fringed with soft hairs, wiiich almost disappear in dried specimens. The Mowers are formed in close umbels, and consist of a long violet tube, with a five-cleft flat limb, tiie lobes of which are regularly 2-parted. It has much the habit of a Verbena, but the flowers are agreeably sweet-scented. It is probably not quite hardy, but it succeeds well under the same treatment "as that given to the different kinds of Verbena. It is easily increased either by seeds or cuttings, and is very suitable for placing in the open border, treated as an annual. It requires a light rich soil to grow in, and flowers from June to October. It must be regarded as a very desirable plant for growing m pots and beds, The flowers are exceedingly fragrant, especially in the evenings. Nov. 16, 1848. FROM THE SOCIETY'S GARDEN. 83 7. MiLTONiA Karwinskii. Cyrtochilum Karwinskii. Bot. Register, sub t. 1992 ; Oiicidium Karwinskii, Sertum Orchidaceum, sub t. 25. Received from Mr. Hartweg, and supposed to have been collected at Oaxaca, in 1839. %V\ This beautiful plant \vas originally described from a small dried specimen brouglit from Mexico by Count Karwinski, and was then referred successively to the genera Cyrtochilum and Oncidium ; it is, however, a true INIiltonia, and one of the finest plants in cultivation. Imagine a rod 3 feet long, stiff, and nearly upright, being covered for three parts of its length, at intervals of an inch and a lialf, vvitli large gay white, purple, yellow, and brown flowers, fully 2\ inches in diameter, and an idea will be formed of this charming species. The sepals and petals are bright yellow, barred and spotted with brown ; the lip is white at the point, deep violet at the base, and blush in the middle space. The column is nearly white, and adorned by two serrated hatchet-shaped wings. It requires to be treated like an Oncidium, and to be grown in rather a cool temperature, in pots filled with fibry peat and half-decayed leaves, well drained. It is one of the most beautiful and distinct Orchids in culti- vation. Aug. 14, 1848. G 2 84 NEW PLANTS, ETC., ITvOM THE SOCIETY'S GAllDEX. 8. Brodi;ea californica.* Brought home by JMr. Ilartweg in June, 1848, and said to have been collected upon the mountains and plains of the Sacramento, where it is scarce. This bulb is very like the old B. grandiflora, from which it differs in the following particulars : it is a much larger plant in all respects ; its leaves are more fleshy ; the flowers, winch are pale blue, witli darker streaks along the middle of the divisions, have a tube which is slightly inflated, and much shorter than the limb ; the flower stalks are also much longer in proportion to the flowers. It is hardy, and requires a strong sandy loam, with the same kind of treatment as Scillas. It is easily increased by offsets from the old bulbs. The species is rather pretty, and flowers freely from July to October, or even Christmas, if sheltered by a frame. Bee. 6, 1848. * B. californica; perianthii limbo tubo subventricoso longiore, foliis carnosis canaliculatis scapi lougitudine. — J. L. ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS. XIV. — Remarhs on Artificial Climate. By A. Scott, C.M.H.S., Gardener to Sir Geo. Staunton, Bart., M.P., F.H.S., Leigh Park, Havant, Hants. (Communicated January 29, 1849.) Ikt cultivating plants from warm latitudes, in this country, it is obvious that our success will mninly depend upon the skilful management of our artificial climate ; this renders the latter a subject of importance to all interested in the higher branches of horticulture. If I have nothing new to offer in the following remarks, tliey may at least be relied on as the result of some experience. To be successful in this department of gardening, to our know- ledge of cultivation we ought to add a more or less intimate acquaintance with the laws which govern the diffusion of heat, light, and vapour, together with tlieir influences on vegetation ; inasmuch as all varieties of climate mainly result from the amount and relative proportions of these agents. But in order to main- tain suitable climates for the various wants of all our in-door plants, it is not necessarj' that we shoujd attempt to imitate all the warm climates of the world : for it has been proved by expe- rience that an exact imitation of every peculiarity that affects plants in their native country is far from being necessary to their well-being under glass : nearly all of them will thrive in an atmosphere differing considerably from tliat which they experience in a state of nature, in respect to both temperature and humidity. This is a rule to which I know of no important exceptions ; even the Mangosteen, which refuses to thrive on the continent of In- dia, or indeed anywhere but in the heated and moist atmosphere of the Indian Archipelago, succeeds in our artificial climate ; plants of it in this garden have grown, in little more than three years, 10 feet in height, bushy, and branchy in proportion. Although we never expect to alter the nature of plants by artifi- cial treatment, yet with a little management they submit to the latter with docility. In warm countries plants usually experience a considerable variation between the day and night temperatures, independently of the difference between the wet and dry seasons : when occasion requires it, therefore, as during our winters, we find it a point of great importance to regulate humidity so that we may safely adopt a minimum temperature considerably lower than the natural one. At all seasons we shall also be acting cor- rectly in supplying less of both heat and moisture to produce a given result, owing to the altered circumstances respecting the VOL. IV. H 86 RKMAUKS ON ABTIFICIAI. CLIMATE. diffusion of both. To supjjly an equal amount of these stimulants in our nuirky climate would be erroneous in principle and inju- rious to vegetation, Tiie last remark applies witii equal force to night temperatures. Among the various agents employed in warming horticultural buildings hot water is at present tliat most generally adopted. Heating by flues answers for certain pur])oses — as for vineries, greenhouses, &c. The Polmaise plan, which in particular cases 1 have found to be simple and efficient, is by far the most inex- pensive to erect ; but under present arrangements it is difficidt to apply it successfully to large houses. Price's ingenious plan of heating, although it does not differ materially from other methods of warming by hot water, in causing the air to carry the heat into the building, has in some degree anticipated part of the Polmaise plan : I, however, find this method very expensive with regard to fuel. In the choice of boilers I imagine that we are often more nice than wise. The saddle-shaped boiler of wrought iron, and the cast iron boilers of various sizes, called Healy's, Cottam's, Kogers', &c., have been tried here, and from experience I find that the setting is of far more consequence than shape. Mr. Ainger, in the ' Gardener's Chronicle' for 1841, clearly explained tlie prin- ciples of setting boilers for horticultural purposes ; and Messrs. Burbidge and Healy have subsequently adopted his plan, with improvements. Their boiler I consider to be the best. Another important matter in warming is that the pipes shall be so arranged as to give out heat rapidly. The amount of pipe required, and the expense of heating any building, will very much depend upon how far this is attended to. In some cases nearly the whole of the heating surface is buried in underground chan- nels or drains, sufficient heat being expected to rise through a few openings in the pathway. It is clear that if tiie required amount can be obtained at all under such conditions, it must be at an enormous first cost, and an extravagant waste of fuel. The question arises, why should a thing so essential to a horticultural building be concealed as unsightly ? If the usual form of hot water pipe is not ornamental it can be improved, and the pipes may be so arranged as not to offend the eye of taste. Mr. Hood, in his valuable work on AVarming Buildings by Hot AVater, gives a rule, and also a table, whereby we may ascertain the required amount of pipe to heat a hothouse of given dimen- sions any number of degrees ; and states that the quantities found will be sufficient for a given superficies of glass, whatever the size of the building may be. His rule may be safely relied on ; although in this, as in other things, I find, as might be expected, that differences occasionally occur between theory and practice; REMARKS ON ARTIFICIAL CLIMATE. 87 for the former does not pretend to anticipate all the circumstances accompanying the latter. The following statement may likewise be of service in estimating the heating-surface required for diffe- rent sizes of horticultural buildings. In stoves of considerable dimensions containing from 50,000 to 60,000 cubic feet of air, having a surface of glass (including rafters and sash-bars) in the proportion of 1 square foot of glass to 10 cubic feet of air, the proportion of 1 foot of 4-inch pipe to 5 ' 33 feet of glass will be ample heating-surface to maintain a minimum temperature of 60"^ during severe weather. But in a house containing from 10,000 to 15,000 cubic feet of air, with a superficies of glass, &c., in the proportion of 1 fo')t of glass to 6 "75 feet of air, the proportion of 1 foot of pipe to 3 feet of glass will be required to maintain a minimum temperature of 60° or 65^, provided cover- ing be not used. In vineries and peach-houses the quantity of heating-surface required will very much depend on circumstances — as whether they are detached or connected in a range ; also whether the crop is m anted early or late : but 1 foot of pipe to 4 feet of glass will be a fair average for vineries, and 1 foot of pipe to 5 feet of glass for peach-houses. Conservatories and green-houses, according to size and other circumstances, will re- quire 1 foot of 4-inch pipe to 5 or 6 feet of glass. If flues are preferred, I should consider 1 foot of an ordinary flue equal to 2 feet of 4-inch pipe. In pits or small forcing-houses, where covering can be easily applied at night, the proportion of 1 foot of pipe to 4*5 feet of glass will maintain a minimum temperature of 60^ Our fears of not being able to maintain sufficient heat and moisture during winter often lead to errors of an opposite kind ; for in the comparatively still atmosphere of a hot-house one of the most powerful natural agents, both in drying and cooling, is almost wholly excluded. It is probable that the rate of evapora- tion during very strong wind is nearly double that in a hot-house. In this country we seldom experience much iiiconveriience from the drying effects of the weather during spring or summer, unless accompanied by wind. I believe that very incorrect ideas are often entertained concerning the drying effects of our heating apparatus. In a house heated by iiot-water pipes, the moisture of the air is not affected thereby ; the loss by condensation on the glass in cold weather is, liowever, very considerable, and is in direct proportion to tlie difference of temperature between the internal and external air ; or, in other words, to the loss of heat by radiation from the glass. The greatest degree of dryness will perhaps occur when a nigiit of severe frost is succeeded by briglit sunsiiine in the earlj'- part of the day ; but notwithstanding this, if the glazing be complete, there will be no difficulty in supply- h2 OO REMARKS ON ARTIFICIAL CLIMATE. ing this loss by ordinary means, without adopting the unnatural method of raising vapour by the direct action of the hot-pipe either at a low or comparatively high temperature. The inevi- table loss of moisture by condensation should be supplied by natural evaporation from paths, and other available surfaces ; but to meet the extra and more temporary demand occasioned by bright sunshine in frosty weather, an immediate supply may readily be obtained from the hot-pipes ; although, as is very apparent, this last method is too artificial to be relied on for a regular and genial supply of humidity. If ordinary care be taken to keep the paths, &c., moist, it will be found that no very injurious degree of dryness is produced even in maintaining a minimum temperature of 60^ or 65° during frosty weatlier. In large houses there will be less inconvenience felt from the loss of moisture by condensation than in small ones ; and as preven- tion is better than cure, small houses, or pits, should always be covered with mats, or other suitable materials, thus preventing loss of heat by radiation from the exterior surface, and conse- quently loss of moisture by condensation on the interior surface of the glass. The pine, and other forcing pits, and also the smallest plant-stove here, which is span-roofed, 23 feet in height, and 25 feet in width, are covered every night during winter, by which a healthier atmosphere is not only preserved, but a great saving is effected both in fuel and labour, and the cost of cover- ing materials is amply repaid. Although, under the most careful management, this practice must necessarily occasion some little loss of light, yet the loss is but a trifling inconvenience compared with that of leaving small houses uncovered during severe weather, for, as I have already shown, it is difficult to regulate climate in the latter description of buildings. Many plants are but little affected by considerable variations in the degree of humidity ; but in all unusual or difficult cases of cultivation, and also in early forcing, during the flowering and ripening periods, culture of orcliids, &c., more nicety will be required in regulating moisture, and great variations in the amount of humidity will occasionally be required to suit particular cases. Whenever any doubt exists on this subject, Daniell's hygrometer should be used to ascertain not only tlie real amount of vapour in the air, but also to test the efficiency of our means of supplying any defect. I find no dif- ficulty whatever in taking observations with this hygrometer at any time, even by candlelight. When once the required degree is ascertained, there will seldom be further need of consulting this elegant, but somewhat delicate instrument, as two thermo- meters, one with the bulb wet and tlie other dry, will give a tolerably correct idea of tlie rate of evaporation, and indicate EEMARKS ON ARTIFICIAL CLIMATE. 89 with sufficient accuracy the dew point according to Daniell. The air at the limits of congelation holds about xlo^t'i P'''"* of i^^ weight of aqueous vapour, and every increase of temperature equal to 20^ of Fahrenheit will double its capacity for abstract- ing moisture. As the difference between the night and day temperatures will frequently exceed this, the necessity of provid- ing against an injurious degree of dryness is apparent. In our summer months, during very hot weather, judicious shading may be a less evil than the excessive drj^ness which it is chiefly in- tended to prevent. Ventilation, in hot-houses, is required to serve a double pur- pose : to renew the atmosphere, or exchange a portion of the external for the internal air, and thus to give a gentle motion or current amongst the plants ; if this be done judiciously, it may be practised at all times or seasons with but little waste of fuel. Motion, and consequently change, exist in every natural climate, and cannot be entirely withheld from plants in hot-houses with- out a corresponding loss of vigour and compact growth. The other purpose of ventilation is to prevent an injurious increase of temperature during hot weather, or sudden bursts of sun- shine. Although the principles of ventilation are simple enough to be understood by all gardeners, I may mention that there sliould always be one set of ventilators, or sliding sashes, at tlie top or upper part of the house, and another near the floor where the newly admitted air may, by passing over a part of the heating surface, have its temperature graduallj^ raised to that of the house. By giving more air by the lower than by the upper ven- tilators, it will be gradually disciiarged at the top of the house with but little cold draft among the plants. If the upper venti- lators only are opened, we siiall experience counter currents and drafts of cold air. The lowest may be sliding ventilators in the brickwork, and they should be comparatively numerous in order that small quantities may be admitted by each, thus preventing sudden gusts of cold air at one place. Our stoves being span- roofed, with pediment-like ends, in the very apex or upper angle is a sliding sash, wliich proves to be an excellent ventilator at all times, but particularly during the winter months, allowing the air to escape in quantities as small as need ever be required in practice. Various contrivances will suggest themselves, accord- ing to existing circumstances, for warming and moistening the air before it is admitted among tlie plants. This is chiefly of importance in plant-stoves and early forcing-houses during severe weather. It is apparent that all our contrivances for warming and regu- lating temperature and humidity in confined atmospheres will 50 FERNS AS DECORATIVE OBJECTS. have no effect in deteriorating the air, and that its original con- stitution will remain unclianged. As the most important func- tion of vegetable 'life is the decomposition of carbonic acid gas, and the assimilation of carbon under solar influence, the source of the latter, and other aliments which plants derive from the air, will be present in the usual proportions. Nevertheless the plants may not be able to assimilate their due proportion of these elements, for the sluggish motion of the air in a hot-Iiouse is so different from the natural atmosphere, which is always in motion, more or less rapid, both horizontally and vertically, that the plants may not be able to appropriate their due share of atmos- pheric food, the air not coming fast enough in contact with the leaves, and other surfaces of absorption. The advantages to vegetation of brisk motion in the air, therefore, will be obvious. XV. — Fer?is as Decorative Objects. By Thomas Moore, F.B.S., Curator of the Physic Garden of the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries, Chelsea. (Communicated March, 1849.) "Within the last few years the^ taste or fancy for Ferns appears to have been on the increase ; and this has latterly become very apparent, as in some degree is evidenced by their appearance in profusion at public exhibitions of plants. It has been thought that a few hints might be thrown out of such a nature as to help forward and more widely extend this class of cultivation, so peculiarly deserving of attention. Without claiming any pe- culiar fitness for the task, I have ventured to attempt its exe- cution, in the hope of being able to supply some instruction to those who really need it. To tliose who are already well versed in the art of culture, and to those also who understand Ferns, the hints which follow are not addressed. Viewed as objects of decoration. Ferns may be conveniently disposed into two principal groups, namely, I. Those wliich are suitable for cutting as an addition to bouquets, both large and small. II. Those in whicli the entire plant, well cultivated, may be specially employed for purposes of ornament. The latter of these two groups evidently includes the greater number of the species belonging to the former, and may be com- posed of individual kinds proper for cultivation in pots or vases, as well as of those which may be managed in a semi-natural way, attached to rocks or the stumps of trees ; most of the species being suitable for either of these modes of culture. I. For hand-bouquets it is obviously the smaller-growing FERNS AS DECORATIVE OBJECTS. 91 species, or those tliat produce fronds which admit of being sepa- rated into small, yet natural-looking divisions, tliat are most suitable. The former are preferable, because the latter in many cases would be deficient of stalk, and this deficiency would be apt to render them not only moi'e difficult of adjustment in bouquets, but also in a greater degree short-lived. Larger bouquets, such as are placed in drawing-rooms, admit of the introduction of somewliat larger growing kinds, provided they possess the necessary and indispensable elegance of contour. To be practically useful for either of these purposes, the kinds of Ferns selected must be such as are naturally of a rigid or sub- rigid texture, or at least sufficiently firm or fleshy to bear up against the parching influences to whicli, in the dry atmospliere they would be likely to be placed in, they would be more or less exposed. iMany of tlie more beautiful species of Ferns are thus wholly excluded from tiiis association, because of the delicacj' of their texture, beautiful only whilst confined to the close damp atmos- phere which conduced to their development. Exclusive of these, however, there exists a considerable variety, botli as to size and form, in every way suited for the purpose of ornament, and some of these will presently be more particularly referred to. The plan of placing bouquets in vases covered by a close- fitting dome-glass is greatly conducive to the preservation of the flowers. If such a plan were adopted with those bouquets in which Ferns preponderate, the freshness of the latter would be retained for an incredibly long period. Ferns might, in fact, often entirely take the place of flowers, and no more elegant or ornamental group could be devised. In such cases, the close covering would render the Ferns almost permanent, their duration would be so greatly prolonged. In the lists which follow will be found not only species that are evergreen, but also some whicii lose their fronds in the winter season. In those plants which have the latter habit the fact is expressly mentioned. PoLYPOBIEiE. 1. Notholcena (Lepichosma) lendigera. — One of the most ele- gantly divided of all the smaller Ferns. It is a small growing plant, the fronds growing in tufts, and usually attaining 8 or 10 inches in length, and becoming elaborately divided, in a tri- pinnate manner, into small roundish segments ; the entire fronds are somewhat pubescent. This is a native of Centi'al America, and requires a sub-tropical climate. The full-grown, well- matiired fronds may be cut for small bouquets ; younger ones 92 TERNS AS DECORATIVE OBJECTS. woukl too rapidly wither in a dry atmosphere. A fine pot specimen is very elegant. 2. Nothohena (Eriochosma) hirta. — A small, hairy species, the fronds of which grow in tufts, and are from 4 to 12 inches long, bipinnate, the pinnules being divided into small blunt lobes; the under surface is clothed with a white tomentum, which becomes less apparent as the fronds grow old. It requires a warm close greenhouse, being a native of the Cape of Good Hope. The mature fronds are suitable for small bouquets. 3. Nothol(Ena (Eriochosma) tomentosa. — The fronds of this species, which grow in tufts, are narrow lanceolate, a foot or more in length, with short alternate pinnae, which are bipinnate, the ultimate pinnules being minute, sessile, and roundish. The fronds are entirely and ratlier thickly covered with light-coloured tomentum. A sub-tropical species, being a native of Mexico. The fronds may be intermixed in large bouquets. 4. NotholcBua 7tivea. — A species of a tufted habit of growth. The fronds are but a few inches high, oblong, decompound, the opposite pinnae being set with small, roundish, sub-cordate pin- nules, often somewhat three-lobed. The upper surface is smooth, the under surface covered with a Avhite mealy powder, while the stipes is of a blackish purple. A very neat kind for small bouquets. It is a native of Mexico, and requires a sub-tropical climate. 5. Polypodium Plumula. — An elegant small growing species, producing its fronds in a tuft. The fronds are 8 or 10 inches long, of an elliptical form, or rather narrowly lance-shaped, tapering to both ends ; they are pinnatifid, divided into close-set narrow lobes, ranged like the teeth of a comb. Useful for moderate-sized bouquets, and a very pretty pot-plant. Native of South America, and requires a tropical climate. Pteride.^. 6. Chcilanthes micropteris. — A small and elegant plant, with fronds 6 or 8 inches long, growing in tufts ; tliey are pinnate, with small, roundish, alternate pinnae ; the stipes is purple. A native of Quito, and requires a stove climate. Pretty for small bouquets. 7. Cheilanthes spectabilis. — Suitable for large bouquets ; a tuft forms a fine specimen plant. The fronds are broadly ovate- lanceolate, a foot high, tripinnate, the pinnae and pinnules rather distant, the latter broken up into small oblong sessile lobes. It is from Brazil, and requires a stove climate. 8. Cheilanthes tenuifolia. — The habit of this species is tufted, the fronds 8 or 10 inches high, supradecompound, the outline oblong, the pinnae rather distant, and ultimately divided into FKENS AS DECOKATIVE OBJECTS. 93 very small segments. Useful for bouquets, and an elegant pot plant. It is a native of the East Indies and of New Holland, and requires a sub-tropical climate. 9. Chcilanthes microphylla. — The fronds, though upwards of a foot long, are yet comparatively small, from the smallness of their parts. They are narrowly lanceolate, bipiiinate, with short and rather distant and alternate pinnae, bearing a dozen or more small oblong pinnules. West Indian, and requires to be grown in a stove. This species is best adapted for bouquets, and from its length, will serve better for large than for small ones. 10. Cheilanthes micromera. — One of the prettiest of Ferns for a small bouquet, and forming a very elegant potted subject. The fronds grow nearly a foot long ; they are twice-pinnate, the small obtusely-oval pinnules having roundish lobes at their bases ; the pinnae are alternate. This is a Mexican species, and requires a sub-tropical climate. 11. Pteris (Cassebeera) farinosa. — An elegant species both for pots and for bouquets. The fronds grow a foot long, and are of variable outline, sometimes ovate-deltoid, sometimes lanceo- late ; they are pinnate, with the lower pinnae deeply pinnatifid, the seg-ments on the inferior side long^est. The under surface of the fronds, which grow in tufts, is covered with a white mealy powder. An East Indian species, requiring the temperature of a stove. 12. Pteris (Cassebeera) pedata. — This species grows in a somewhat rigid tuft, and reaches about a foot in height, the fronds being three-parted, with the lateral divisions again divided, thus forming five lobes, so that in circumscription the fronds are somewhat pentangular ; the lobes, or divisions, are deeply pinnatifid. The stipes is two-thirds the entire length of the frond. In large bouquets the fronds may be used advantageously to mix with others of different form and habit. It requires a stove climate, being a native of both Indies. 13. Pteris (Cassebeera) aiiriculata. — The habit is tufted, the fronds 8 or 10 inches or more in height, pinnate, with triangular- ovate, somewhat auricled pinnules ; the rachis and stipes are purple. Useful for larger bouquets. Requires a warm green- house, being a native of the Cape of Good Hope. 14. Pteris (Platyloma) scigittata. — A remarkably elegant plant. The fronds are tufted, a foot and a half or more in length, regularly bipinnate, the pinnules being distant, glaucous, exactly arrow-shaped (elongate-triangular), and attached by short slender footstalks. It is a South American species, and requires a tropical climate. The fi-onds are somewhat rigid, but may be eflfectively used in large bouquets. A fine pot-specimen is a very striking object. 15. Pteris (Platyloma) terni folia. — The fronds are tufted, 91 FERNS AS DECORATIVE ODJECTS. about a foot long, linear-lanceolate and pinnate, the lower pinnae ternate, becoming binate, or even simple, at top ; the pinnules are linear and glabrous. Tiie stipes is dark brown and shining. This is a native of the western side of the continent of South America, the Sandwich Isles, &c. ; requires a sub-tropical climate. Useful in large bouquets. 16. Pteris (Doryopteris) sagittifolia. — Very distinct and effective in a bouquet. The fronds are simple, elongate-arrow- shaped, at tiie end of a slender black stipes ; they grow in tufts, and are from six to nine inciies or a foot in length. A native of Brazil, and requires a stove temperature. A good tuft in a pot makes a pretty variety among others. 17. Pteris (Doryopteris) hastata. — This plant has the same habit as Doryopteris sagittifolia. In this, however, the shape of the frond is hastate-sagittate, the basal angles being prolonged and divergent. The stipes is dark-purple, and the frond is a footer more in length. It is from Brazil, and requires a tropical climate. 18. Pteris (Doryopteris) palmata. — The fronds of this species are palmate, the central division twice-cleft, the others once-cleft, into broad lance-pointed segments. They are nearly a foot high, including the stipes, which is two-thirds of the height. A native of Caraccas, and requires a tropical climate. The plant forms a rigid tuft, and may be grown as a pot specimen as well as being used for large bouquets. 19. Pteris long (folia. — Elegant, but one of the larger habited kinds. The fronds are a foot-and-a-half or two feet long, pinnate, with opposite, narrow-elongate, almost linear pinnae. The smaller fronds afford a nice variety in form for large bouquets. Tlie habit is tufted, and a good mass is effective as a pot specimen. It is West Indian, and requires a tropical climate. 20. Pteris serrulata. — An East Indian plant, requiring a tropical climate. It is rather common, but a good mass forms an elegant potted specimen, and the smaller fronds, with their long drooping pinnae, have a very good appearance in large bouquets. The fionds grow up in tufts, and are from a foot to 18 inches long, pinnate, with narrow, elongate, opposite droop- ing pinnae, decurrent along the rachis, the lower ones divided into three or five segments, which are also narrow-elongate, or grass-like. From the drooping habit of the fronds, a mass has a very pretty effect. 21. Pteris heterophylla. — A very neat and elegant dwarf species, growing about 6 inches in height. The fronds are bi- pinnate, with cuneate, oblong, shining pinnules. Its small size renders it well suited for small bouquets. Its general aspect is something like an enlarged Asplenium Rutumuraria. It is a Jamaica species, and requires a tropical climate. FERNS AS DECORATIVE OBJECTS, 95 22. Adicmtum macrophyllum. — This fine plant grows from a foot to a foot-and-a-half high. Tlie fronds are pinnate, the pinnas large, broad, and sub-opposite, acutely sub-falcate, with the margins inciso-serrate. They are of a beautiful green, contrast- ing admirably with the black rachis. Very effective in large bouquets, or grown in a pot. It is a native of the West Indian islands, and requires a tropical climate. 23. Adiantum lucidum. — This species grows about a foot high, and has pinnate fronds, with acute falcate pinnag, set on the rachis by the lower angle of their base. It is a desirable kind either for large bouquets or for pot-culture. A native of Jamaica, and requires a tropical climate. 24. Adiantum setulosum. — Very delicate and elegant, proper for pot-culture as a small ornamental specimen, and the smaller mature fronds suitable for small bouquets. It grows a foot high, with bipinnate fronds, the lower pinnae being bipartite ; the pin- nules are dimidiate, curved, oblong-obtuse, crenated along the superior margin. It is from Norfolk Island, and thrives well in a sub-tropical climate. 25. Adiantian curvatum. — One of the pedatifid species. It is Brazilian, and requires a tropical climate. The fronds grow 2 feet high, and are very elegant, the several long narrow branches being pinnate, with lanulate, or oblong-curved, crenated pinnules. Elegant for large bouquets, or for pot-culture. 26. Adiantum Capilhts- Veneris. — The British maidenhair Fern. The black hairlike stalks of the fronds of this species sup- port little fan-shaped leaflets or pinnules, which are irregularly notched around the margin. The fronds are very delicate and graceful, and mature ones, as of most of even the delicate adian- tums, are suitable for bouquets, as they do not rapidly perish. This is certainly one of the most interesting and beautiful of the indigenous Ferns. " Two fronds, with two spikes of mignonette at the back of a white camellia, make a splendid bouquet." It likes warmth, and also a good share of shade and moisture, flou- rishing admirably in a house among the tropical Ferns. 27. Adiantum trapeziforme. — One of the larger adiantums and one of the most striking in its appearance. The fronds grow 2 feet high, and are supradecompound, with a shining black rachis and stipes, and bright-green rhomboidal pinnules, lengthened out at the upper exterior angle into a taper point ; they are attached by wiry stalks, so as to become agitated by a slight breeze. Grown as a large pot specimen, it is very ornamental, furnish- ing a good supply of fronds suitable for large bouquets. It is a South American species, and requires a tropical climate. 28. Adiantum pubescens. — A New Zealand species, succeed- inof well in a warm close o:reenhouse. The fronds are suitable 96 FERNS AS decohative objects. for bouquets of moderate size, and are very elegant, being of the pedatifid class, that is, divided into several brandies from the top of the rachis ; the branches are long, drooping, and feather-like. The fronds are a foot higli, about 6 inches of which height forms a slender wiry stipes, wliich becomes forlved into about seven narrow pinnate branches or pinnae ; the pinnules have a rhom- boidal outline, and are pretty tliickly set. 29. Adiantiim cuneatum. — This, one of the prettiest, grows from 6 to 8 or 10 inches high, with the fronds more or less curved or nodding. The fronds are pinnate, with twice or thrice- divided branches, the rachides of whicli and the little footstalks of the pinnules are of liair-like delicacy ; tlie pinnules are between rhomb and wedge shaped, and are deeply gashed. It is altoge- ther very elegant, and when not grown too luxuriantly is parti- cularly adapted for small bouquets. It is a Brazilian species, and requires a tropical climate. 30. Adia7itum hispiduhmi. — A very delicate and pretty species, clothed with fine hairs. It grows 6 or 8 inches high, the fronds alternately branched, the rachides of the lengthened brandies being elegantly curved, and bearing small rhomb-shaped pinnules. It is well suited for bouquets. Introduced from New Holland, and requires a warm temperate climate. 31. Onychium lucidum. — A very neat habited Fern, with a somewliat creeping caudex, bearing smooth, light, graceful fronds which measure from 8 to 18 inches in length, and are supra- decompound, with the narrow ultimate divisions of the pinnules deeply notdied. It may appropriately be used for bouquets ac- cording to its size, and is very elegant when growing. A native of Nepal, and thrives in a sub-tropical climate. 32. Blechnum gracile. — A graceful tufted-growing species, attaining a foot or less in lieight, pinnate, the fronds having about four pairs of lanceolate, subfalcate, denticulate pinnae, and an au- ricled terminal, one 2 indies long. Native of Brazil, and requiring a tropical climate. It forms a very pretty variety for bouquets. 33. lileclinum poli/podioides. — A Brazilian species, with nar- row curving lance- shaped fronds, a foot long or upwards, fur- nished with short oblong bluntisli piniiEe, which decrease in size towards both extremities of the frond. The fronds grow in a tuft, and from their form and curving disposition have a very elegant effect, both on the plant and when cut for bouquets. It requires a tropical climate. AsPLENIEiE. 34. Asplenium lucidum. — A large growing but very striking- looking species, ornamental when grown as a good specimen, and the smaller fronds suitable for large bouquets. The texture is FERNS AS DECORATIVE OBJECTS. 97 leathery, the fronds pinnate, 2 feet high, with narrow elliptic acuminated, serrated pinnag, which are deep green, and have a shining upper surface. It is a native of Kew Zealand, and thrives in a sub-tropical climate. 35. Aspleiiium marinum. — The fronds of this English species are leathery and pinnate, the pinnate being of an oblong form and crenately serrate on tlie margins ; they are from 6 to 10 inches long, and grow in a tuft. Either as an entire plant, or cut for bouquets, this is a good-looking object. 36. Asplenium elotigatum. — A Malacca species, with some- thinglike the appearance of our native sea spleenwort {A. mari- num), but having lighter, more elongated fronds. These are a foot long, quite narrow, and pinnate, with oblong lanceolate pinnae. The fronds of this species, which grow in a tuft, might be employed in the construction of bouquets. It requires a tro- pical climate. 37. Asplenium auritum. — The fronds of this species are tufted, broadly lanceolate, a foot or upwards in length, with opposite narrow-lanceolate pinnae, set on at rigiit angles with the rachis ; these pinnae are from I to 2 inches long, acuminate, and inciso- sei'rate, with an auricle at the base on the upper side. They have a shining surface. It is a West Indian species, and requires a tropical climate. The fronds are suitable for large bouquets, or make a very good appearance on the plant. 38. Asplenium monanthemum. — Very beautiful, either as a small pot specimen, or cut for small bouquets. The fronds are slender, 6 to 9 inches high, pinnate, with obtuse trapeziform pinnae, having the upper edge crenated. Native of the Cape of Good Hope and of Madeira. May be grown in a warm green- house climate, though it thrives well associated with tropical Ferns. 39. Asplenium for mosum. — An erect growing and very pretty species. The fronds grow about a foot in height, and are pinnate, with close-set oblong crenated pinnae. It forms a very neat pot- plant of the smaller sort ; the fronds are also very suitable for bouquets. A native of Caraccas, and requires a tropical climate. 40. Asplenium Adiantum nigrum. — This ranks among the handsomer of our indigenous Ferns, and is also a rather common one. It is of a tufted habit, but the fronds are spreading and curved downwards ; they are shining and elegantly cut, some- times twice and sometimes thrice-pinnate. It requires a light soil, and may be grown well in a frame. The fronds are suitable for bouquets, and being of a thick rigid texture, they are very enduring ; they are from 6 to 8 inches long. 41. Asplenium fragrans. — A moderate-sized species with finely divided fronds, which are of a gracefully drooping habit, 98 FEllNS AS DECORATIVE ODJECTS. thick and leathery in texture, and having a smooth shining sur- face. Tlie fronds are from 6 inclies to a foot long, twice, some- times thrice-divided, the lobes being narrow and serrated. The fronds may be used in bouquets, the smaller ones in small hand bouquets ; the entire plant is very elegant. It is a Janjaica species, and requires a stove climate. 42. Asplenium (Darea) cicutariitm. — A very elegant-tufted growing species, with pinnate decurved fronds, the branches of which are set with finely-divided pinnules. Its colour is usually a pale green. The fronds vary from six inches to a foot in length ; and may be employed, according to their size, in bouquets ; but the entire plant is very elegant. A native of Jamaica, and requires a stove temperature. 43. Aspleniian (Darea) viviparum. A remarkable looking Fern, with small ovate fronds, divided into very narrow needle- shaped segments. The fronds are tripinnate, and the pinnae being rather close, they look something like a mass of inter- woven threads. These fronds, whicli form a tuft, are frequently viviparous, a circumstance which often occurs also in several other Ferns. Pretty and distinct for bouquets. It requires a stove climate, being a native of the Mauritius. 44. Asplenium (Darea) diversifolium. — Kemarkable for the various leafing of the fronds, and withal a very elegant plant. The fronds grow in a tuft two feet high : some are bipinnate, with the pinnules broad, roundish, and notched ; others are tripinnate, the pinnules being again divided into numerous (9-12) linear segments. It is a native of Norfolk Island, and tliough it does not require a hot climate, yet it thrives well in a house with tropical species Useful for large bouquets. 45. Asplenium (Acropteris) canariense. — A very elegant species, the fronds being a foot-and-a-half or two feet long, twice pinnate, with the points of the pinnae much attenuated and deeply incised. The pinnules are elongate, wedge-sliaped at the base, with about two deep incisions. It is a greenhouse species, native of Teneriffe ; the size of the fronds renders them suitable only fur large bouquets, but their singularly laciniated fronds are well adapted for this use. The plant is very orna- mental in the growing state; the fronds grow in a tuft. 46. Asplenium {Ac,ro]iteris) preemorsum. — A singular-looking yet elegant plant, in the way of the last ; the tufted fronds are bipinnate, a foot or more in length ; the pinnae being divided into alternate sessile wedge-shaped pinnules, the apices of which are bluntish, and more or less gashed and toothed. It is a Jamaica species, and requires a tropical climate. Tiie plant is ornamental, and the fronds, according to their size, well suited for bouquets. FEENS AS DECORATIVE OBJECTS. 99 ASPIDIE.E. 47. Pohjstichum aristatum. — Tliis is a native of Norfolk Mand, and requires a greenhouse climate; it, however, does well in a fern-liouse. The fronds grow in a tuft, a foot high, and are ovate, lengthened out into a long narrow point; they are bipinnate, at least at the base of the pinnae, which are each lengthened out into a point similar to the apex of the frond. Tlie texture is thick, and the colour a shining green, so that they are well adapted for bouquets. DlCKSONIE^. 48. Davallia canariensis. — The well-know^n Hare's-foot Fern. It is a very elegant species, suitable for cutting for large bou- quets, but also well adapted for pot culture. The fronds are broadly pentangular, decompoundly pinnate, with very narrow ultimate divisions ; they are of a durable texture. It requires the climate of a greeniiouse, being a natural inhabitant of tlie Canaries. It is the slowly-creeping caudex which resembles a hare's foot. ScHIZiEACE^. 49. Anemia tenella. — A very pretty little plant, with slender fronds growing in a tuft. Tlie fronds are 6 or 8 inches high, and consist of a slender stipes three or four inches long, bearing a barren or leafy branch two or three inches long, pinnate, willi oblong laciniate-pinnatifid pinnules, and a pair of fertile spikes, which appear almost cylindrical, but in reality are branched on the same principle as the leafy branch : these fertile spikes look not unlike the close inflorescence of some kinds of grass. It is from tropical South America, and requires a tropical climate. II. The species which admit of the entire plant being grown and employed for decorative purposes are more numerous. Those already enumerated, if cultivated in a superior way, are amongst tlie most beautiful of the whole group ; but there may be added to them many others, which are naturally of too large a size for use in the construction of bouquets. Thus enlarged, this group will consist of plants that may be managed in two ways : they may either be grown in pots, to be removed when in perfection to those situations which it is re- quired to decorate ; or they may be planted on any kind of artificial substitute for the tree-trunks and rock-surface to which many of the kinds are found affixed in a state of nature ; and that, according to their constitution, either in structures in 100 FEKNS AS DECORATIVE OBJECTS. which an artificial tropical climate is maintained, or in the natural climate of this country. "Well-grown examples, cultivated in pots, of any of the species mentioned in tliis paper (as well as of many others) form extremely graceful objects when set in vases of elegant design, the soil in which tliey are growing being hidden by a covering of fresli green well-selected moss. Such ornamental objects may be placed in tlie siiady parts of conservatories, in corridors, or in the drawing-room with good effect ; but the hardier kinds, — or, if more tender, those of the most rigid texture, — should be placed in the most exposed positions. It would, moreover, in the case of all these plants placed in an atmosphere materially different in its hygrometric condition from that in which they •were grown, be found higlily advantageous to the plants to remove them frequently back again for a period to the respective situations where their cultivation had been carried out, in order to recruit them ; and that they may not suffer, as they might otherwise do, from too lengthened an exposure to a drier and a cooler atmosphere. In all cases where the plants are thus em- ployed, they should have an abundant supply of water at the root, to prevent the stagnation of which in the soil great care must be taken in the potting of the plants, as will be explained farther on. Besides this, water should never be allowed to stand in the feeders beneath the pots. In most cases, too, the plants will be refreshed by a gentle daily syringing, using the instrument with a very fine rose ; but if the kinds are tender, or the season be the winter, tepid water only must be used, and the operation should be performed in a situation where the plants would not be at all expo.sed to the influences of a low tempera- ture or a chilling breeze. It is self-evident that in no case must the plants be brought out of even a moderately warm climate to be placed in a position where the temperature is per- manently materially lower than that they have been habituated to. Any decrease they may be submitted to, must be brought about gradually. PoLYPODIEiE. 50. Polypodium vulgare, var. cambricmn. — This is a very elegant variety of the common polypody. Under slight pro- tection it is evergreen, and forms in time, by the extension of its slowly-creeping caudex, a tuft of oblong ovate fronds, deeply divided on each side into numerous lobes, the margins of which are again deeply lobed with saw-edged pointed segments. The protection of a frame is suflScient for this indigenous plant. It prefers very light soil. 51. Polypodium effusum. — The fronds of this species are FEENS AS DECORATIVE OBJECTS. 101 larger, and supra-decompound. They have a very light feathery appearance, from the small size and great number of their ultimate division.'?. Tlie plant is only suitable for pot-culture, but in that state is very elegant when somewhat checked in its vigour. It is a Jamaica species, requiring a tropical climate. 52. Gymnogramma tartarea. — A free-growing plant, a good tuft, forming a fine-looking pot specimen. The fronds are two feet or more in height, and of a broad oval outline, bi pinnate, with lance-shaped slightly flilcate deeply-notched piuiuiles, the under side of which is covered with a white powder. It is a West Indian species, and requires a tropical climate. 53. Gymnogramma calomelanos. — Thin species, the fronds of which grow in tufts from one to two feet high, with bipinnate broadly-lanceolate fronds, and pinnatifid lanceolate-acuminate pinnules, has the under surfece of the pinnules covered with a white mealy powder. It is suitable for pot culture, and requires a tropical lieat, being a native of the West Indies. This and the preceding are of the class sometimes called Silver-Ferns, from the whiteness of the surface of their fronds. 54. Gymnogramma chrysophylla. — Of the same habit and size as the two preceding, and also belonging to that set of Ferns which are remarkable from having one or both surfaces of the' fronds more or less covered with a coloured powder. In this species the powder, chiefly confined to the under side of the pinnules, is yellow. The fronds are bipinnate. It is a West Indian plant, and requires a tropical climate ; a large specimen in a pot is very ornamental, in consequence of the drooping or curving habit of tlie fronds. 55. Gymnogramma sulphurea. — The fronds of this AYest Indian species are about a foot long, and bipinnate ; they are more delicate than those of the last species, and covered more copiously, and on both surfaces, with yellow mealy dust. It requires a tropical climate. Tlie species which have this yellow dust are sometimes called Gold Ferns. 56. Gymnogramma charophylla. — This species grows from a foot to 18 inches high, the fronds in tufts, ovate-deltoid, thrice pinnate, or sometimes still more highly compound ; the ultimate segments are small and narrow. It is from South America, and needs a tropical climate. Pteride^. 57. Pteris (Cassebeera) hastata. — This species varies from about a foot to 2 feet in height, the fronds dark-green, bipinnate, with ovate-lanceolate sub-hastate pinnules; the stipes and rachis black and shining. It forms a good-looking pot specimen, con- VOL. IV. r 102 FEBNS AS DECOEATIVE OBJECTS. trasting with many others by its heavy colouring. A greenhouse species, native of the Cape of Good Hope, 58. Pteris (Platyloma) falcata. — A New Holland species, cultivable in a greenhouse. The fronds grow in tufts from 1 to 2 ft'et long, erectish, pinnate, with opposite sickle-shaped pinnae. It forms a distinct-looking pot specimen. 59. Pteris cretica. — The fronds of this plant grow in a tuft, and are from a foot to 18 inches high, pinnate, with opposite elongate-lanceolate pinnae, the lowermost of which are 2 or 3-parted. It is an elegant plant. It is a native of Candia, and requires a greenhouse climate. 60. Blechnum Spicant. — This common, hardy, indigenous species forms a splendid tuft Avhen grown luxuriantly. The fronds are of two kinds, barren and fertile, the latter more erect and taller than the former; both kinds are narrow- lanceolate, the barren ones pectinate-pinnatifid, the fertile ones pinnate, with still narrower and more distant segments. The barren fronds may be used in bouquets according to their size, but a luxuriant tuft is very ornamental. To attain this luxuriance the shelter of a frame, a large-sized pot, and a rather abundant supply of moisture are requisite. The fronds perish in the autumn, and are renewed in spring. 61. Blechnum australe. — This species has lance-shaped pin- nate fronds a foot or more in length, thickly set with cordate- lanceolate piimae. The fronds curve gracefully, and form an elegant tuft when in a good state of development. It requires a sub-tropical climate, being a native of the Cape of Good Hope. 62. Doodia Kunthimia. — A pinnate-fronded plant, which may be cultivated in a greenliouse. The fronds grow from 1 to 2 feet long ; the pinnae are ovate or lance-shaped, fringed with prickly serratures. When growing luxuriantly it becomes a not inelegant pot-plant, the fronds becoming somewhat drooping. It appears to be an Australian species. ASPLENIE^. 63. Athyrium FiUx-femina. — This is one of the most beau- tiful of Ferns, and is very suitable for pot-culture. It is one of tlie larger class, the fronds growing from 2 to 3 feet long ; they are bipinnate, gracefully drooping, and of light feathery composition. It is hardy, being indigenous to this country, but bears a moderate degree of heat well. The fronds die in autumn, and are renewed annually in the spring. 64. Athyrium Filix-femina, crispum. — This grows like a tuft of curled parsley, the apices of the fronds, which are not more than 6 or 8 inches long, being, as well as the apices of tlie pinnae, proliferous. It is a monstrosity, but is a very elegant FERNS AS DECOEATIYE OBJECTS. 103 pot Fern. The fronds of this also perish, and are renewed annu- ally. It should be grown in a frame. ASPIDIE^. 65. Lastrea decurrens. — An elegant plant, with lance-shaped fronds growing in a tuft ; they are a foot and upwards in length, and have alternate decurrent pinnae, which are pinnatifid with rounded lobes. It is a native of China, and does well in a warm greenhouse climate. 66. Lastrea rigida. — Tiie fronds of this species are 2 feet long when well grown, and are twice pinnate, and of a lanceo- late figure ; the pinnules are very elegantly cut, and the whole plant is ornamental. It is hardy, being a native species, oc- curring on limestone mountains in the north of England. If grown for ornamental purposes, it should be kept in a frame. The fronds are annual. 67. Polystichum Lonchitis. — The Holly Fern : it is remark- able among the indigenous species of Ferns for its narrow pinnate fronds of rigid texture, having the subfalcate pinnee fringed with spiny serratures. It is a rare native species, requiring plenty of drainage in a cultivated state. Besides the elegant appearance of the entire plant, small fronds of this kind may be used in bouquets. 68. Polystichum angularc, and a variety named P. a. an- gustatum* are exceedingly beautiful pot-plants of the larger class. The fronds grow from 2 to 3 feet long, and are bipinnate, gracefully drooping, and having a feathery lightness of appear- ance. They are perfectly hardy, and, under protection, become almost evergreen. They require large pots, and to have space to spread their fronds. A frame is sufficient protection, but they do well fully exposed. 69. Nephrolejns exaltata. — This forms a very elegant pot- plant, the extremely long, narrow, pinnate fronds drooping in most graceful curves when sufficient space is allowed them. The fronds, which form a tuft, are from 2 to 3 feet long, the pinnae lance-shaped, an inclt or two in length. They assume a somewhat more graceful aspect when in some degree checked than when allowed to become very luxuriant, which, being a free-growing plant, they have a tendency to do. It is a native of Jamaica, and requires a tropical climate. * Handbook of British Ferns, intended as a Guide and Companion in Fern Culture ; with engravings of all the species, and the principal varieties. By Thomas Moore, F.B.S. E. and L. London, Groorabridge. r 2 101 FEKNS AS DKCOUATIVK OBJECTS. DiCKSONIE/E, 70. Davallin elegans. — This species, which is generally dis- trihiited over the East Iiulies, as well as tropical New Holland, has tall siib-coriaceous fronds, three or four times divided. It is, in fact, a highly compound Fern of considerable size, and really very elegant when grown to perfection as a pot-plant. Being a tropical species, it requires a tropical climate under arti- ficial cultivation. GliEICHENIACE/E. 71. Gleirhcnia microplnjUa. — This is an Australasian species, with dichotomously-divitled fronds, the branches pinnate, and the pinnae divided into small close segments. The habit is sin- gular and interesting. It should be cultivated in a warm close greenhouse. ScHIZEACEiH. 72. Lygodium scandens. — A climber, extending 10 or 12 feet in lengtli. The stems throw off opposite branches ; these branches are decompound, the divisions being mostly ovate, and on the fruitful parts of the frond fringed round the margin with even, oblong, projecting, teat-like masses of fructification. It is a most elegant climbing plant, native of the East Indies, and requiring a tropical climate. 73. A?iemia Phyllitidis. — A very distinct Fern, forming a tuft of stems, growing from 1 to 2 feet high, or more according to the strength of the plant and the circumstances of its growth. Each perfect stem bears a barren branch or leaf, and a fertile branch, ■which latter looks somewhat like the close panicle of some grass. The leafy branch is pinnate, with a few large, ovate leaflets, so that the branch has something the appearance of a leaf of the common ash- tree. A good mass is, however, effective, from its distinct appearance. It is a native of tropical South America, and requires a tropical climate. 74. Mohria thurifrofja. — This is also a distinct-lookingspecies. It forms a pretty pot plant. The fronds are elegantly cut, narrow- lanceolate, sub-bipinnate with short alternate pinnae, and from six inches to a foot long. The pinnae on the barren parts of the fronds bear little oblong piimules, which are deeply lobed, and these lobes are.again cut into several linear segments. The pin- nules of the fertile pinnae are not incised, but bear the sori along the margins. A native of the Cape of Good Hope, and requires a sub-tropical climate. 75. Osmunda regalis. — A truly noble object, when in a high state of development. It is indigenous, growing in boggy situ- FKRNS AS DECOIUIIVE OBJECTS. 105 ations. The fronds, Mliich form a large tuft, grow erect, two, four, six, or eight feet high, with opposite pinnate lateral branciies ; tlie upper part of the stems changed into a mass of little spikes of fructification, which when mature assumes a brown colour. Being a large growing plant, it requires a large pot, and slioukl be kept rather damp at the root. A few general remarks on the cultivation of Ferns in pots may here be appropriately appended, and these will be offered under the following heads: — 1. Structures for Ferns ; 2. Propagation of Ferns ; 3. Soil and Potting ; 4. Atmospheric Conditions ; 5. Watering ; 6. Insects. 1. Structures for Ferns. Ferns do not in a general way under cultivation associate well with other plants ; orchids, however, are an exception ; the degree of humiditj^ kept up, and the shade afforded, in the case of orchid houses being favourable to their growth. Low build- ings are preferable for tliem, in consequence of the greater facility with which a close or calm atmosphere can be main- tained ; and these are all the better if they face the north, for then a greater degree of light can be allowed them, without so great a risk of exposing tliem to bright sun rays, which should, as far as possible, be avoided. The tropical Ferns delight in heat ; but in regard to its appli- cation tliey follow the same laws as other plants, so that no par- ticular application of the heating power, or medium, is required in constructing a Fern house. A mild bottom heat is, however, desirable beneath the stages on whicii the pots are placed, chiefly on account of the water which is necessarily thrown down in raising tiie required degree of atmospheric moisture, which, especially if the stages are of stone or slate— two of the best materials in other respects — causes an injurious chilliness about the roots. Of atmospheric moisture these plants need an abundant and almost unvarying supply in the form of insensible vapour throughout the entire period of their growth. Even in winter, though a less degree of moisture should be emploj'ed in con- junction with the lower temperature universally to be adopted at that season, yet, proportionately with other plants, a large supply of moisture should, even at that season, be given to such Ferns as are at all in a growing state. Those of deciduous habit, that is, those whose fronds die down annually, are the better for being kept somewhat chier from the time the fronds decay until they a"rain renew their orowth. So large a supply of atmospheric moisture being required, a 106 FERNS AS DECOKATIVE OBJECTS. large extent of evaporating surface sliould in consequence be provided ; and in the interior of tlie house as much absorbent material as possible sliould be employed, so that by tlie aid of syringing the evaporating surface may be extendetl almost at pleasure. In buildings of this kind, if hot water, tlie best of all lieating mediums, be employed, it should be conducted in pipes cast with an open trough or gutter on the upper side, to be kept filled up with water whenever a moist atmosphere is required. If tills trough is divided into compartments, a varying amount of evaporating surface may be employed, according to the degree of moisture required. The floor, moreover, should be covered with a wooden pathway of trellis-work, in order that the bottom may, wiien necessary, be flooded with water. With such appli- ances, skilfully employed, there will be no difficulty in main- taining the atmosphere, as regards its humidity, perfectly suitable to tlie growth of Ferns. Fern houses should be provided with a shading, to be used in bright, sunny weather ; at other periods there is no necessity for nor advantage in its employment. If the building has not a north aspect, this shading becomes indispensable. The best of all structures for the growth of exotic Ferns are low, close pits, in which the due supply of heat and moisture is provided for. Such situations are only unsuitable for the larger, coarser growing kinds, which are generally the least of all suit- able for decorative purposes. The few hardy species which may be grown for the purpose of supplying fronds for cutting, or as decorative plants, do well in a cold frame kept nearly closed, and in which proper attention is paid to the hygrometric condition of the atmosphere. In limited establishments the species inhabiting temperate as well as tropical latitudes may be accommodated in one structure ; for those of temperate climates will bear without material injury, and in some instances with advantage, the extra heat afforded to those of the tropics. Where, however, the collection of species or the number of plants justifies such a course, it will be better to place these two classes in separate pits or small houses, wliere it will be easy to apply a less degree of heat to those which need the less degree. Under this arrangement, if there are but few of the hardy group grown, they may be placed along with those of temperate climes. 2. Propagation of Ferns. Among Ferns the caudex assumes two distinct forms. In some species it is horizontally creeping, forming an underground stem, and throwing up its fronds or clusters of frontis at intervals. Those of this habit may be propagated by dividing the caudex FEUNS AS DECORATIVE OBJECTS. 107 SO as to separate the fronds or crowns, with some portion of the stem (caudex) and roots attached to each ; for wlierever there are separate and distinct crowns or buds, though attached to the same caiidex, there is no material difficulty in making separate plants. In other species tlie caudex is not creeping, but erect and usually short ; sometimes having only a single crown at the top, and rarely producing offshoots, in consequence of which propagation by division is necessarily tardy ; but at other times readily dividing into separate tufted crowns, in which case dupli» cate plants maybe obtained by separating these in the usual way, with roots attached. The separated plants should be kept rather closer than those which are established, at least until tliey have taken fresh root ; and they are benefited by a light sprinkling of water about twice a day. In potting, too, they should be fixed firmly, the crown being just level with or clear of the surface. If they have numerous roots when newly divided, and these are carefully adjusted among the soil, they will thus be held firmly ; but in case the roots are few, and tlie fronds rather preponderating in weight, a couple of little stakes sliould be used, to which the fronds or some of them should be tied, for the purpose of steady- ing the crowns ; this greatly facilitates their rooting, which is, on the other hand, prevented or delayed, when they are moved to and fro by every disturbing cause. The rooting of a delicate plant is generally facilitated by covering it directly with a bell- glass, whicii, however, should be dispensed with, gradually, as soon as the plant has become fairly established. Ferns may also be propagated by tlieir seeds, technically called spores. These spores are enclosed in minute cases collected to- gether into masses, usually on the under surface of the fronds, but sometimes at their margins, and occasionally on branches quite distinct from the leafy parts of the plants. They are very minute, and quite indistinguishable in appearance from fine brown dust ; yet when scattered over any constantly damp surface they become developed as living individuals. Thus from atoms almost imperceptible, spring up plants which in some instances attain the stature of trees, and not uncommonlj'^ reach the height of from 5 to 10 feet. The manner in which the process of deve- lopment proceeds in these cryptogams must appear exceedingly curious to those who have only watched tlie germination of the seeds of phaenogamous plants. At the first, a small dull-green cellular crust or scale of almost transparent texture appears ; by degrees this extends — slowly, and its margins become crisped or indented ; then at one point of the margin a gradual thickening takes place, downwards as the nucleus of the future root, and upwards as tliat of the future fronds ; next, a small pal»-green 108 I'EUNS AS DECORATIVI': OliJKCTS. leaf-like body, usually transparent, and nearly or quite simple, is seen to spring up; subsequently, at tlie base of tliis rises another somewhat more perfect — more divided, if tlie mature frond is a compound one — and afterwards eacli succeeding development approaches, though by slow degrees, nearer and nearer to the coniiition of the mature plant, whicli maturity is not attained until a considerable though varying period of time has elapsed. Until they have nearly or quite reached maturity, seedling Ferns are exceedingly puzzling. I may quote here tlie following remarks which I liave had occasion to make elsewliere,* on the pi'ocess of raising Ferns from the sj)ores : — *' Half-fill some shallow wide -mouthed pots with broken crocks, and on thin put a layer of about 2 inclies of little lumps of spongy peat soil mixed witii soft sandstone, broken in small lumps, of the sizes of nuts and peas ; tliis compost should not be consolidated. Next, sliake or brush very gently over a sheet of white paper, a frond of tiie species to be propagated ; the fine brown (hist thus liberated consists of tlie spores in greater or less quantity, intermixed with more or less of the spore-cases, some of which usually become detached in the course of the process. This dust is then to be regularly and thinly scattered over the rough surface of the soil, which is immediately to be covered witli a bell-glass large enough to fit down close within the pot rim. The pots are at once to be set in feeders, and these are to be kept filled up with water ; they may either be placed under a hand-glass in a cold frame, or in a greenhouse, as may be most convenient. Some time, varying according to the freshness or otherwise of the spores, will probably elapse before germination commences. The first indications of germination will consist in the appearance of little patches of a green crust resembling a liver-wort ; subsequently, small imperfect fronds will appear, and these will become more and more perfect in succession. During this time the supply of water must be kept up, and the glasses kept close over the young plants. When two or three fronds are developed, the glasses should be tilted on one side for a short time every day, and ultimately entirely removed, the pots still being retained under a hand-glass ; after a week or two they may be taken up, carefully separated, and potted singly in small pots. The young plants should still be kept under a hand-glass until established, and then removed to a cold close frame, gradually inured to the degree of exposure respectively proper for each, and ultimately submitted to the same treatment as the mature plants." • * Iland-book of British Ferns. FERNS AS DECORATIVE OBJECTS. 109 The foregoing directions refer to the hardy species. Except- ing that in this case the seed-pots may be placed in the Fern- house, they apply equally to the more tender kinds. The surface of the soil ought not to be watered after the spores are sprinkled on it, as the water is liable to wash them away, and the soil will be kept sufficiently moistened by capillary attraction if the saucers beneath tlie pots are kept filled up with water. It is also advisable to roast tiie soil employed, in order to kill the germs of any other plants that may be contained in it. 3. Soil and Potting. A good general compost for pot Ferns may be formed of fibrous heath-soil broken up into lumps as large as walnuts (or smaller for small pots), and of perfectly decayed leaf-mould, these two ingredients being used in about equal proportions. To this is to be added a greater or less quantity of clean gritty sand, the larger quantity of this ingredient being employed for the smaller and more delicate rooted of the species, and the lesser quantity for the more robust kinds, which latter are further benefited by the addition of about a fourth part of turfy loam. The ingredients of this compost ought to be very intimately blended. AVhen used for potting, the soil should be in a medium state between wet and dry, rather inclining to the latter. The pots are to be prepared by placing a large flat piece of potsherd over the hole in the bottom, and on this a layer of broken bricks, potsherds, or charcoal, sufficient to fill up from one- fourth to one-third of the depth of the pot; the broken crocks for the smaller pots should be of tlie size of peas and nuts, and for the larger pots twice that size. On these place some of the fragments of tlie turfy soil. Set the plant in the pot so that its crown may be about level witli the pot rim, or rather above it, and then fill in among its roots carefully with the soil, throwing in, as the process proceeds, a handful or two, or more, of small lumps of charcoal, such as have been already alluded to; the whole should be made moderately firm. When the plants are removed to their respective positions they shoidd have a thorough watering. Provided that the proper yjrecautions are taken to secure efficient drainage, the pots may with advantage be rather large. Thus a strong plant of a species bearing fronds of a foot or so in length should have a pot of at least a foot in diameter ; and a species producing fronds of half this size may be placed in a pot 5, 6, or 8 inches across, according to the size and vigour of the tuft or crown. Iilxcepting in the case of some of the most delicate kinds, which require a little extra care and nicety in the operation, one mode of potting may be recommended for all the species con- 110 FERNS AS DECORATIVE OBJECTS. toinplated in these remarks, whether they are indigenous or exotic, hardy or tender. Some of the most vigorous-growing species may, perliaps, not actually require so nmcli nicety in tlie performance of the operation as tliat liere directed ; but as they are to be grown into objects of ornament, and not of mere exist- ence, it is proper that each act of culture should be well per- formed. 4. Atmospheric Conditions. A moist climate has been already spoken of as generally favour- able to the development of Ferns. In adapting a climate to suit the tropical species, it will tlierefore be necessary to render the atmosphere hygrometrically charged in accordance with the e.xtra heat which these require. Saturation of the atmosphere should, in fact, be almost unvaryingly maintained, at least while tiie plants are in a growing state. In winter, when the temper- ature is kept lower than during the remainder of the year, rather less moisture should be dispersed in the atmosphere ; but those plants whose fronds are jiersistent through the winter must not at any time be kept in a very arid climate. The tropical species require an average day temperature of about 70^, decreased to 60° in winter, and lowered at night to 55^ or 50'. The species which are natives of temperate climates require a day temperature ranging from 40° to 60°, permanently lower in winter than in summer, and in all cases lower by night than by day : from 35° to 40° will be a sufficiently high night temperature. The hardy and half-hardy species may be placed in a frame kept moderately close at all times, and in winter covered at night with mats. The hardy species do not absolutely need this protection, but the shelter thus afforded is favourable to their development. In a green-house temperature, the indigenous Lady-fern is an object of exquisite elegance. Shade, during bright sunny weather, is decidedly advantageous to these plants. 5. Watering. Ferns should never be suffered to become dry. When growing, they require a free supply of water at the roots ; but when at rest, or partially so, a moderate quantity, enough to keep the roots fresh and succulent, is sufficient. They luxuriate, how- ever, in a damp atmosphere, and are consequently much benefited by being frequently sprinkled over-head with pure water ; and this is especially the case with all those species which are culti- vated in an artificially elevated temperature. Rain-water, or at least soft water, should be made use of; and for those which are grown in a warm climate, it should always be used in a tepid IVEW PLANTS, ETC., FEOM THE SOCIETY S GARDEN. Ill state. Thougli they will not flourish Avithout an abundant supply of moisture, yet it should never be allowed to stagnate about tlie crown or the roots. 6. Insects. With ordinary care, Ferns are not liable to suffer material injury from the attacks of insects. The young fronds, however, when but partially developed and in a very succulent state, are sometimes attacked by aphides, which, if not removed, do them considerable injury. The remedy, however, is simple. The damp atmosphere, and the frequent washings and syringings which the plants ought to have, are greatly conducive to rid them of insects as well as filth of every description. NEW PLANTS, ETC., FROM THE SOCIETTS GARDEN. 9. Navarretia pubescens. Hooker and Arnott. Raised from seeds received from Mr. Hartweg, January 5, 1848, and said to be found in fields about Sonoma, in California. A dwarf, branching, hairy plant, not more than six inches high. Leaves bipinnatifid, with linear, acute, somewhat divari- cating lobes. Flowers small, in close heads, greyish blue, with a purple tube less than half an inch long, a dark eye, and promi- nent white anthers. The lobes are nearly round, and overlap each other. The herbage has little smell. A hardy annual, requiring the same kind of treatment as Gilias, Leptosiphons, and similar hardy annuals. The seeds should be sown thickly in the open borders in spring ; the plants grow about six inches in height, and flower in June and July. It is rather showy when seen in masses. June 27, 1848. 10. Navarretia cotul^folia. Hooker and Arnott. Raised from seeds received from Mr. Hartweg in May, 1847, and January, 1848, and said to be an annual growing only two inches in height, in fields about Sonoma, in California. Stem straggling, reddish, scarcely hairy. Leaves soft, pin- natifid, or somewhat bipinnatifid, with nearly terete, linear, acute 112 NEW PLANTS, ETC., segments. Flowers in close axillary heads, on stalks shorter than tlie leaves, small, white, inconspicuous, with linear segments to the corolla. Calyces very spiny. Smell of the herbage foxy and disagreeable. A hardy annual, requiring the same kind of treatment as Leptosiplions. Tlie seeds should be sown thickly in tlie open border in spring. It flowers in June and July, and is .suitable for rockwork, growing about two inches high. June 28, 1848. 11. LiMNANTHES ALBA.* Haitweg. Seeds were sent from California by Mr. Hartweg. Like L. rosea, this has the habit of Limnanthes Douglasii, but the flowers are white, not yellow or pink, and their stalks are very long. It is of interest in gardens, chiefly for the decoration of heavy damp places, where better flowers will not grow. In such situations all the species thrive and become ornamental, re- taining tlieir freshness and flowering incessantly through the whole summer. It may be a question whether tliey would not be useful salads, as they all possess the agreeable warmth of Tropseolums without being quite so pungent. Nov. 22, 1848. 12. CaLLISTEMON BRACHYANDRUM.f The seeds received from his Excellency Captain Grey, said to have been collected on the north coast of Australia, in 1843. A stiff" bush, with the habit of other species of the genus, but with deep-green, narrow^, pungent, channelled leaves, having con- spicuous dots on the under side, and no veins. The spikes of flowers are loose, and not more than 2 inches long, with very downy calyxes, the number of whose divisions varies from 5 to 6. The petals are dirty white, short, downy, concave, and inconspi- cuous. The stamens are deep rich crimson, not more than twice as long as the petals, and quite straight ; the anthers are of a * L. alha; foliis elongatis pinnatis, laciniis sessilibus ovatis acutisiategris trilobisque, pedunculis loiigissimis, calycibus pilosis, petiolis basi barbatis. t C. brachijandnun ; rami's teretibus pubescentibus, foliis linearibus pun- gentibus canaliculatisenerviis, calyce toraentoso, petalis iiisequalibus pubes- centibus staminibus sanguineis duplo brevioribus. — J. L. FROM THE SOCIETY'S GARDEN. 113 Callistemon braclivandrum. 114 NF.W PLANTS, ETC., blight golden yellow, and form a beautiful contrast. This shortness of tlie stamens is a striking feature in tlie species. It is a small hardy greenhouse shrub, which grows freely in a mixture of sandy loam and peat. It is increased by cuttings of the young wood in the usual way, and flowers from August to November. It is handsome enough to deserve general cultivation. Nov. 25, 1848. 13. Epidendrum gravidum.* Received from Mr. Hartweg, in February, 1837, and said to be collected at Xapatam, in Mexico. This curious species has a scape, nearly 6 inches high, bearing at the end about four long-stalked, horizontal green flowers, which never open, but stand on the end of a large fusiform deep olive- green ovary, covered with pale-green warts. The stalk of the ovary is about half an inch long, the ovary itself IJ inch, and tiie flower scarcely half an inch. It is certainly as far removed from beautiful as any plant can be ; but its singular distended ovai^y, which is not very unlike a green leech studded with grains of carbonate of lime, has a most curious appearance. The plant does not seem to possess the power of opening its flowers, such as they are. A mere botanical curiosity. March 16, 1849. 14. CcELiA MACROSTACHYA. Li/idlei/, hi BentJium^s Plantce HartwegiancB^ p. 92. Received some years since from Mr. Hartweg, who col- lected it in Guatemala ; and also from Mr. Skinner. The expectations respecting the ornamental appearance of this plant have not been realized. It has been found in a wild state with a close flower-spike as much as a foot long, and its blossoms are reported to be deep red ; but in cultivation it has hitherto gained no such size, and the colour is only a pale rose, without any brilliancy. It produces ensiform leaves from 1 to 1^ inch broad, and nearly 18 inches long, and the flower-spike should stand at nearly the same heiglit. At the base of the spike are a few broad concave, * E. gravidum ; scapo paucifloro apice flexuoso IegvIuscuIo, floribus pen- dulis longipedunculatis clausis, pedicellis la3vibus, ovariis fusiformibus maximis verrucosis, labelli trilobi lobis lateralibus linearibus intermedio ovato acuto venis elevatis, columnse angulis superioribus inflexis. — J. L. FROM THE SOCIETY'S GARDEN. 115 Coelia macrostachya. lin NEW PLANTS, ETC., FROM TlIK SOCIETY'S GARDEN. lanceolate, brownish bracts ; and mixed with tlie flowers them- selves are many long, narrow, reflexed bracts, wliose dull pale brown colour forms a disadvantageous contrast. In the accompanying sketch a piece of the flower-spike is represented of the natural size, with some magnified details of the structure. 1. Shows the column and lip, seen from the side, the sepals and petals having been removed ; 2. Is a view of the slipf)cr-shaped lip, seen from above; 3. Is a front view of the column ; and 4, tlie pollen masses. It is best treated as the half terrestrial kinds are, and grown in rather a shady part of the house ; it requires but little moisture or heat, and a light loose material to grow in. It is a plant of little value. 15. Polygonum Brunonis. Wallich, Plcmtce AsiaticcB Ra- riores, iii. 54 ; Boyle's Illustrations, t. 80, f. 3. Raised from seeds received, in April, 1845, from Captain William Monro, from the nortliern parts of India. This, like P. vacciniifolium, already described at page 80 of the present volume, is a dark-green-leaved trailing half-shrubby plant, with dwarf ascending stems, which bear spikes of ro.sy flowers; but it is larger in all its parts, and capable of covering considerable patches with its shoots in the course of a single summer. Its stems are as thick as a goose quill, long stalked, lanceolate, a little broader at tlie end, and when old, marked with pi'ominent veins round the edges, which gives them the ap- pearance of being serrated. The stipules are long, membranous, and convolute, extending into a ribbed lanceolate blade as long as the petiole, but not at all broken up into fringes. The flowers are larger and paler than in P. vacciniifolium ; in neither species do they in this country attain the rich red given them in Dr. Royle's plates. Inhabits the mountains of India along with P. vacciniifolium. A hardy trailing little shrub, well suited for the decoration of rockwork. Sept. 7, 1847. TABLES OF TEMPEKATURE. 117 HYl. — Tables of Temperature, for the use of Gardeners; arranged according to the Latitudes of the respective localities iji ivhich the Observations have been made. By Robert Thompson. The indigenous objects of horticultural care are few, compared with the vast number that are exotic. As to these, the first con- sideration ought to be tlieir natural climates, especially with reference to temperature, in order to determine, in the first in- stance, whether they should be treated as hardy, half-hardy, greenhouse, or stove plants ; whetlier they are suited for only a mild and nearly equable temperature, or are adapted for sustaining great extremes of heat and cold. The importance of obtaining correct data for the determination of these points will be readily acknowledged. It is remarked in ' The Theory of Horticulture,' p. 102, that " To collect together evidence as to the real amount of temperature at the different seasons of vegetation, in various parts of the globe, would be to render a most important service to horticulture ; for it is hopeless to expect that the cultivation of plants can be perfect, in the absence of one of the first data that require to be ascertained. What, for instance, are the terrestrial and atmospheric temperatures of the melon-fields of Persia, Bokhara, Spain, or Smyrna, where that delicious fruit acquires its greatest excellence ?" In general plants will bear the extremes of heat and cold which occur in their native countries without being killed in conse- quence of temporary exposure to such vicissitudes ; but they may be made to perish gradually by subjecting them to a temperature either constantly above or constantly below the mean temperature of their native climate during the period of vegetation. It therefore becomes desirable to know the mean temperature, not only of the whole year, but also of the respective months in every place from which plants are obtained. This would prevent serious mistakes and losses in many instances ; and, although it VOL. IV. K 118 TABLES OF TEMPEBATURE. does not comprise all that could be wished, yet it would form a good basis. The larch is now planted as a shelter for the oak, but on its introduction from Italy it was kept in a greenhouse for years. Such unnecessary precautions, it may be said, are now obsolete ; but I may be allowed to remark that, in the absence of data for estimating the temperatures of particular localities, mucli injury may be done, even at the present day. For example : gardeners often receive plants or packets of seeds with no information re- specting them, except, perhaps, the name of the country in which they were originally obtained. If from within the tropics, the gardener is apt to conclude that the plant must require to be placed in a stove. Madras is within the tropics, in lat. 1 3° 4', its mean temperature about 82° ; that of the coldest month, 76.^° ; and that of the hottest, 87° or 88° ; so that a plant from thence is certainly a stove-plant. Another place, called Dodabetta, still nearer the equator, being in lat. 1 1° 23', might be supposed to be fully hotter; but there is a wide difference. At Dodabetta the mean temperature of the year is only 52° 17', being no fewer than 30° below that of Madras. The mean temperature of the hottest month at Dodabetta is 56;^^, and the thermometer in the shade, during two years' observations, never rose above 69°. In the Garden of the Society at Chiswick, the mean temperature of the hottest month averages about 63° ; for months the daily maximum averages above 70° ; and instead of never exceeding 69°, as at Dodabetta, the temperature in the shade at Chiswick has occasionally exceeded 90=. The climate of Ciiiswick is, therefore, too hot in summer for plants indigenous to Dodabetta, and these would certainly be killed if confined in a stove. The discrepancy between the temperatures of Madras and Dodabetta is owing to difference of elevation, Madras being near the level of the sea ; whereas Dodabetta is situated on the Neilgherry Hills, at an elevation of 8640 feet. Elevation is so important with regard to temperature, that tlie impossibility of ascertaining it for insertion for every place in the following TABLES OF TEMPERATUEE. 119 tables is much to be regretted, as this would have led to a toler- ably correct estimate of the decrement of temperature due to elevation in the respective parallels of latitude. As it is, the places being arranged according to their latitudes, the contrast thus afforded between the temperatures of places known to be near the level of the sea, and those at ascertained elevations where such occur on nearly the same parallel, will doubtless prove interesting and useful. The following tables have been drawn up from the Tempera- ture Tables of Professor Dove, of Berlin, published in the Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and from other sources. They exhibit the mean tem- perature of the months, the mean temperature of the seasons, and of the whole year, the difference of the hottest and coldest months, and that of summer and winter, the number of years in which the observations have been made, and the hours of observation. The seasons are according to the meteorological divisions of the year : winter including the months of December, January, Feb- ruary ; spring, those of March, April, May ; summer, June, July, August ; and autumn, September, October, November. In the column showing the hours of observation, the letters N.Y. indicate that the observations have been reduced by the - , ^-. ^^ a + 2b + 2c + a' . , . , lormula JN. 1 . = , in which a is the observation o at 6 A.M., 6 at 3 p.m., c at one hour after sunset, and a' at 6 a.m. the following day ; that is, the temperature observed at 6 a.m., twice the temperature at 3 p.m., twice that at one hour after sunset, and the temperature at 6 a.m. the following day, are added together and divided by 6 for the mean temperature of the twenty-four hours. In other cases, marked " Red.," the obser- vations at particular hours have been reduced to the mean by Bessel's formula. It would have been very desirable, for the sake of comparison, if all the results had been uniformly reduced to the true mean temperature ; but the best formulae to be ap- plied for different countries have not yet been fully agreed upon. K 2 120 TABLES OF TEMPERATURE. 3 ^ wo CO CO 00 i^ i^ t^ 00 t^ t- !>• 1- i~ i~ 00 r~ - o — to — a> 00 I^ t- CO -f to Cl i CO rl CO in CO « to I- ■* o to to o »n o I- m o >nci^^coTj< 1^00 i^ooi^o t^ , (N in OS ^ to O o o o o ix> 00 »n • CJJO — -<00p-in(Mt0.-<00-H(M05O t^CO0000t^0OI^00t^00I~t^t^l^0O 05 • CO Ol en CO — CO 1- t^ 00 in to to oo in o ITS 05 ■* 05 O IfS Ol— CO >^ 00 CO CO 1^ CO r- CO t^ CO r- i~ t- 1^ 1- CO CO in * CO CO -t< — t~ t- i~ 00 in -* 00 00 in a. VI -t> -)< to CO O '-< toinooto-n' -fi^ coco i^o 1— oscncM-^ 00 cj (Ncot^-oo o f-< in ci o 05 . •* -t — to C5 O o ^ ^ ^ to oo -o cooot^oooococicot^CTOdc-itr. CO 1^ 00 1^ t^ 1^ CO I^ 00 t^ CO 00 I^ t^ «■» 1^ CO in • c-i C5 to — t^ t^ i^ CO in O 00 00 in •* — CO 05 r-i 00 cicioooo coo OC-lOO inooi-oo coco toocooo o in -to r- m t^ in . in o c3> in CO o o -H ^ to 00 to to coi^inooaO(Ma>Tfiocooo)coooi^co t^ 00 t^ 1^ (^ 00 1^ 00 r- 00 00 t- I- t^ t^ 00 to — ' * 05 to o t~- 00 t^ 00 in "3 1-5 00 t^ to --( r-i lO to CJ5 00 O (M CI rt CO CT>0 -H(M cocoin-*o o 00 00 to in 't (N , to — CO in « o en c<) t^ in 00 o inot^int^ooocotociocj'MQOoo t^ DO t^ t^ t^ 00 t^ 00 1- OO 00 to t^ 1- 1- ^ CO " 05 to -< 1^ CO 1^ 00 in t^ in . c a O to 00 o in — to CO CO (M CM CO o m iM c o 00 00 O -f o o ri 1— c» to in CO o Ci — en .n 00 lO 05 00O5O5— lOOCii^-Mtocn^-wcocioo i^cot^oot^t^t^oot^t^oot^i^i^t^ CO 00 00 CO CI (M 00 t^r-i oocointoo o (M "* t^ CO in 00 in to in 05 — C5 -* (N o o ^ to CO -o o 00 C5t^C1(M00OOOI~) CO r-( 00 to to t^ 00 t~ t^ 00 in in fx 00 to x" 1 Tj< o -i< c -* o 00 to ■* OOt^ OOCOOOCOO in i--to ciinooco cocoot-o o t^ in CO o r)< — O in 00 ■* Tit (?) O O O 0-. to 00 »n 00 OtOtMCOt^OOmC-. to^ClQO^OlC 00 00 CO 00 J^ 1- 1^ t-- t^ GO 03 to 1- CO 00 I^ t^ o\ ^ 1- 00 t' 1^ CO in in CT> 00 o j5 00 O CI 05 CO to CO -t 00 1-c CI CO CO C'l CO o in i^oD.— o toin -^comcoo o CO — (M to O — m o m CO CO to 00 o o o o to 00 to o 00 otor^cot^ooo>ooin>-iooociOi— ' oooocoooi^i^i^t-t^ooootct^oooo to O O CO to CO -H 00 00 to t^ 00 in CO Tj< 00 in c ■* 00 to o\ -* m rCOtO-"* -^ (:-\ J^OCOO 00 1— 1 in (M o) -"t 3-1 in (M to to cj o o to in CO O O . CO 1^ in 3 ^ -tJ^ • • 13 • "to • S .9 .2 c^ tn-c! jr^^Tlg s a 2 fe g-^i^ <:uodhSPoo TABLES OF TEMPEEAIUEE. 121 CO o as i^ „ r- ^ - ^ ^ ft txTcTod oTco'M so" r-T-^ a a o • £ £ ^ . K >< .-A^ 00 o o 1- CO op^^ Cl (35 CO C3 CO CO CO r-T-^ t-T cxTQQ ^ToT co-g CI o ( 1)1 II • Ct •* O O lO I I C3t^t^rNOOir2S<|-.COOCO!MOt^CO CO lO 'O C5 : O O O 05 i-i — -f CO t^ CO O CO ■ ^ • a _£2 " ^'^ ^ Cu3 so iS 5= o .- cu a, .« s I I "^ f=i S fl I "2 •s g fee a A fcc j; -s a 2 5 c .-s a ^ -T3 aj» pq W U ^ O O O P^ pq ?:; pq O O W t. - rt c bn a I P^ E-| S - l^ CO O CO O O (N «5 O t^ I-) O C5 ta 00 t-- lO 1^ I— I CTJ 1-H l^ CO t^ 00 I •^ -- Irt 00 ■* O 00 ■-C 00 00 lO 00 -H o t^ t^ r-' oi n • toooooin t^oooooo OOOOOOtJDOOOOiOt^t^ ■* 00 m , i-i (M crj i-i CO 00 ■* -^ CO CI T*< oa -O t^ O CO CO 00 1^ 00 r^ 00 r- Cl 00 o o r- 00 CD 05 (J>(M000500000(Ml^tD: 1^ 00 1^ t^ 00 00 -o 1^ t^ to 1 00 ■* c 00 OT l^ r- 05 00 CO CO in lO O CO CO O 00 I t^ CO CO t^ t^ ■* 00 CO in i^ in O CO o ^ . (M in O CO CO >— I „ r-l O 00 o o 1-1 in in CO cA5 2^2;aj^^^;^iZK ;5;2;;s;z;;5ZZc»^ca2:5z;2;2;z;^ -. 00 o CO CO CO CO in 00 ■* ■* !>) o) -^ in c^ •* in .oooo^cocoooinooooooTfcoooo r-Hr-irtcoco^ins^-* co-*ininm o^--.-< — (NcjcicMcicoco cococo-*'*T(« to Ci (N ^ '- O 00 • I— 1 IN aoj'vi 4) i»>i '~~i 124 TABLES OF TEMVKEATUUE. o ^ ,X3 ^^ c3 a Ol ■rf (4-1 o\ o o o Oj CO OOO— '■*'N00005CT>00— II 1 00 «~ 00 l^ 00 J^ "O t^ O t^ J-~ 00 ■o m -J< 00 (M -o 00 CO 00 o t^ t-- *^ 00 o r^ r- 1^ i^ t^ 00 t^ iX> CO — 1 o> CO ^ o (T) rt O ■* Tt 00 — "* - omma>i^oi^a5)oco-^r--HO^i--i:^aj i^t~t-r^oct^cot^comt^inr^oo»^i^cocococD-*oocot^ior^coco - O OCOOOC-1 OOCTOO "•••O CJi-ft^-OCO 00C0C0O5>-i'««« £•••00 C-. CTiOOCO O Ol ^ » . . . " CO — l^ CO CO ^^^►S^^^H^^H^^HHSHW^H^^^^W^W^ ;2;^^^^^^^^Z;^;^,c«MJ^|2;^^^^^t»^^;2;;?;^Z w ^ .^ .^ .^ ,^ .^ •H -i^ "5 "3 "S -~ -3 fe 8 a o bC' M SSgaSxg'gat^bDCcci cj fe •2:^ i; rt =3 od.;-.o'i'L^o--.s;-='^cci=3 TABLES OF TEMPERATURE. 125 o 1 • «o CO 1 o» ' ' . *^ ^ ' O Tt •* 00 3 oT oT 00 lO 3 o a .-< oT-iloior oTo -3 O « . cf ffi -t «£> ^ .hJ (M !0 O t~- CO r^ t^ rt m in 00 CT> CO 00 -- CO 00 o ^ o t^ 00 tCi 00 t^ o I- in i^ ■* CO m ci 05 CO CI r^H O Tf -# l?» CO CO 00 00 in _l -* -O 00 • to en to ^ n — 1 ^ O O X t^ r^ 00 rC CI 1 *"* 1 "^ Cl -H i-i ,-1 — rt C4 t^ in on Oi o in CI in CI o CO 00 to CI to c^ o 00 o CI CO o t^ 00 «5 00 CI ■* Tf o CI 00 ■— ' ■* o> CO CI to CO l^ en 00 CI o in o oo in C5 r^ -t 05 o CO •-^ CO CT) CO 00 o ^ CO ^ ^ in 1^ o ■* ^ on «> 1^ t^ t^ ooi^t^ooi^tot^to to 00 a> i> 00 r^ t^ 00 to t^ t- r^ to t^ 00 t^ tc i^ 1^ CO in c» Tj< 00 ^ ■* t^ ^ CO to to CI «^ in o in a> ■^ nr T) m 7* c< 00 o CO o to 00 to to 00 in 00 as to 00 CO Oi CI 00 1-1 t^ ■* 00 Ol o Q 53 ij ^ ^ ^ ^ e s , e .s iS 1=: o^ s •» i i :i: !>: t: tJ t^' s ^ W^ V^ ^^ L? ZZ !^ S L> a^ s i^ crj ^ k^ a^ ►^ o ^ k? . I ?! !^. "2 'S "S "S ^ O O g 5S fcr.-' o S ? O « >> g ^•^•OOS.So<"|^0— OortOf» C3 o _ ^ ra :rk2 S^ 126 TABLES OF TKMPERATUEE. ■ri ^ a w CT> in o ■tf 00 IM in <^ o fN oo CJ in CI en ^ CI a '^ in (N r^ oo in »-• CO CO in CTJ CO _ cq o\ O CO CT> Tf ^ o rt d r^ ^ CO o r^ 1^ 1^ o CD t- CO m in CD CO 1^ t^ CO t^ in CJ CO CO CJ in in CD m CO in "+ 05 r^ lO O) CO C^ o _ e-5 en CO O) (M ,_< O 1^ CO CO •I i^ Oi •* •-' 00 en 00 ■* m in IM ^ CO t^ CO 00 CI in •^ Tf 00 o CJ ~ CO _ CO GO oo CO ,, in o -f ■n CO -t -f CD Tf o „ Tf CI -f CO CO ^ CI CO 1^ 'JO r~ 00 t^ t^ t^ t^ t- t~ ■o CD i^ r^ CO 00 CD t^ r- 00 1^ '^ CD CD '~L.' ~^ •o O (T> f^ CO r? m O) m o o c^ C" CI CI CO CI 00 CO ^. (N (N 35 in in o m 1^ CO o a: CO I^ Tf 3> in in T^ '^ CO Tf ■-* o (M t- O m (M v\ in ^ ^ •t (M rf\ en _< O o O t^ r^ CO Oi ^ 1^ 00 1^ o; CO O 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 CD (^ i^ 00 00 00 t- t^ 00 «~ 00 00 CD CD t^ CO 00 o (N CO CO c^ in ^ o Oi en 00 CO CO O CO r- to 3 ■< in 00 00 00 CD 00 t^ oo in ,_, in in in in -t CO on en ^-, -t c. Tf -f CO ,_ t>^ t^ t^ CO t-- CO in t^ 7-1 o CO t^ in CD CO 00 (N — t^ o CI CO CO in 00 3 >-3 o — h- O] in -c m CO Tt< 'M i^ CO CD _^ CO CO CO oo r^ in CO in Tf 00 ^ o> ^ o CI 05 00 00 00 CO 00 00 00 00 00 CD t- 00 00 r^ 1^ CO »^ 00 Cl 00 CO 00 r^ CD 00 •^ oo lO Ol CO CO (-) un O o eJi o CO -f Tf ,_, ,_, ,_^ e 3 00 Ol '^ — • (N r- in in Tf I~ CO c^ 00 1^ i^ O Tf CO ^ on 'f 't —, '^ X 00 00 en 00 C5 CT> 00 00 05 CD t^ in CI o m Ol c-: •^ ■o o --0 CT5 00 o O ^ t^ CO 00 on Ol Ol _ CI in on CO in CO t^ in CO CO r^ m 00 en en 00 r- a> CO t^ i^ CO CD CO C2 t^ 00 00 00 i~ 00 CO CO r~ CO r^ ir ^^ Oi m in en ^^ o CO oi (M o ,_< 05 d in CO t^ CTi in CO m (?) o ■^ (M in i^ in CO 05 '-* CO CO CO CO CI Tf CO CO O a < or, iri o> ^ o\ CO in Ol m O -* Ol in CD CO CT> r^ in -t on CO CO O en o O o OS t^ r~ 00 00 cc 00 00 t^ 00 CD CD t^ 00 CO CD in CO t^ w '^ t^ t^ CD in «^ CO !>. i in ffi in . t- t^ t^ i^ »^ l^ »^ CO «^ in in CD t^ CO CD in CO CO CO CO CO i^ in in C3 in CO o 05 o CO no m Tf o 02 Tf -f CO 00 i-^ CTi r^ J m o ■* « t^ m r^ (Tl IM in in i^ CI CO in IM '-" 00 CI m r^ in in c> £ n CO (-) 0> 'f Ol Oi CO ^ o <-n -^> on CO o in Tf CD CI ^^ CO t~ Tf CO o in t^ (N 00 ~r -* CO ^ — ' o in 05 o IM 00 ■O in 00 CO in -T CT> 1^ rt o nri (T) CO 'M tn m c^ n „ ,^ CO CO CO %D _ Ol in CO O ^ CI o o Tf in CI _, n in CO »^ CD in o CO CD CD m T -f CD m CD CO in CD m Ci.- o CJ CJ Tf Tf in Tf CO (35 -* OS 00 (M en -* in O o 00 o o t^ 04 en CO CO in CO o «^ o o 00 ^ (i M • CO • m in • • CO Tf en • • • * CO • CO • o • on 00 • 00 « PJ r-l 1^ -* '-' in in CO W ^ K pq w p4 W H w w e4 ^ w ^ ^>' WWW ^>' W ^ w ^ bjD " -i- CO t.o ^ •n Ol 'f m o 'f CO in o o 05 Tf o Tf ^^ CI ^^ CD r. ,_! t^ »>• in t in c^ -* S>I T'l ■* CO Oi ^ CO CO ^ tT CI in CO -^ T- ' CI CO CI I-] o f>> r- C>l CO Tt< o in ■* CT) 00 in OJ C5 in CD CD 1^ (2 r- CI in CI en o ^ 00 t^ 00 00 t^ 00 00 0^ t^ 00 00 00 i^ ^^ '^ '"' ir- in 1^ 00 C5 OO 00 l^ oo ^■^' 15 15 ^' ^ Z Z' ^' l^' ^ is ^' 15 ^^^^^^^^ ^^^ • ^ o 50 on t^ 00 ^iqK^I-^l^l^>^l^ >; KjO QjO S c^ >> tibs- ^ *^ b P JS 3 a a 3 ^ a p. s o ca = 2 S3 o C3 6 Q g 3 J2 1-3 .3 '— 3 eS O j3 C3 O 6 Q m "3 1 3 ZJ k^ P5 p=5 ^OH<2 fi- aui b m^j J 'j: 7} < A fe:!!J (M >H CO TABLES OF TEMPERATURE. 127 B O 1 O § 4 times. Daily extremes. Daily extremes. Sunrise, 2^. 10, 4. Daily extremes. Sunrise, 2, sunset. 4, evening. 7,2. 7, 2, 9. Sunrise, 12, 12, reduced. 12, reduced. 3 times. Sunrise, 12. Sunrise, (daily extremes.) OS Cl" Daily extremes. 7, 2, 9. 7, 2. 7, 2, 9. No. of Years' Obs. ^ r^ o\ n COTj<,-,-iCO-HrtClin-H,-000 O ■* rH CI CO -H d -H ^ ^ Tj< oowrt^»*oO'*- 1^ CI o oo CS r^ i^ in o O CI C5 C5 .^ CO r- ^ W ocjcioodt^— ooo-*cj(N»n COCOCOCICJCOCJCO^CO CI C>(rH in in TC CO CO 00 CO in OS CI d to in d ■* CI d d CO CO d ^ 'f r^ i^ -o Tj> ^ :>i (M -ijT^;Dt^ 00 in Tf t- CO 00 to to CO in d — rt to o o to ■n«Di^cotoco«n 00 to tOdl^OSOSOOS.^ t^t-t^iftint^inr^ c O t^ LT l^ C> ^ CO ^ l^COCOO'^OOCOCOt-OOCOCl 500CscnO'0'-'^;0-*t00505-3< in 00 CS 1^ o 00 CO 00 -^ 00 CO ^ m CO o CO d ^ o — «o ;d t^ r- to O O to CI d OS O 00 ■* OS CI CI to tOtosototoirjrfTfcO'Ototoo -* CO — to m to in ^ o to to to in Tj< CO d rj< Tt in Tj< to ►^eq k^ ►^ »~ ^^ K^ 1^ ^q v5 H§ ^ h~ cj !j 2 3 a "5 o 2 "3 CC' • • ■ CL, • • C cS O O i^ .^ 128 TABLES OF TEMPERATURE. to on ■^ 00 o f^ m Ol «^ 00 00 00 Cl o (M to CO to in o 00 m 00 "* • r^ • t^ • • --I CO in -^ in 05 to Q O IM Oi ^ p_ m 00 to en in o ^ Oi 00 • (N " CI • ■ CO OJ t^ on t^ o> O in to to in o in ■* in -* to m ■* in in m -* ■* «^ to r~ in to to ^ 00 to CJ o CO t^ o c CO CO to to -i> > r~ CT> o lO CO in •* to to ' o» • in CI 05 CO Cl CT> 00 o 00 CO (N o\ ,_ ,_ ■* r^ O) (N Ti- o o in on in * ■ 00 in 00 05 Cl OS r^ t^ in in to O to to to to in to in to to in in m in in m ■n to to to in to to ,_ no Ol O) t^ t--. in •^ ^^ C5 on CI Cl Cl Cl •^ ■^ J^ o CO 35 (N (N (M 00 in ^ ■^ • ■* * 00 • CI Tf ■* in CO 00 Cl t^ O o c> -1 "M -N 05 r) in 00 to o 02 o r^ o ' ' in ' 00 in 00 in Cl CO in CO ^o t^ to 1^ 1^ to to to (^ to to to in to ■0 tu to (^ ■•Ji to t^ (M 00 to O) ■+ in nn in in -i< C3 ^ to to to Cl ■* ^ in OS CO •-> t^ in in "-1 CO • CO 00 • '-' CT> CI 01 00 00 K O CT) r~ m o CO OC •^ 1^ to _ r> in in to • to • ■* * r^ ^ CI 05 CO ^ in 01 to 1^ t^ t^ 00 t^ OC t^ t^ to 00 i^ t^ to to to J^ I^ r^ in GO to 1^ tN in rM ,^ CO -J in to CO in CO en CO -* ;c CO oo ■^ l^ !M • in Oi •* • CI • 00 ' Ol '-" i;: ■-* in 00 to < O S-l o lO c Ol ■>\ to * 'N in 05 -i Oi 1^ * t^ ' to ' CI --5 CI Cl _ on Cl m to Oi 00 XI oo 00 00 00 00 •o t^ 00 t^ to to to 00 00 '^ ir; 00 m 00 m t^ . 1 (M ■n Ol ir- ,_ to in m ■^ on 't CO CO ^c >. i^J to oo es 't o> oo • '-' in r^ CO • '-' • • in j^ CO in Cl Cl Cl 3 O (M CO m CO 'M fM -:)< * o in o OS _ t^ ' t^ * _< " CO r^ r^ Cl -* in Cl in m 00 CO 00 00 00 00 00 00 to GO '^ 00 to to t^ 00 00 t^ in 00 in 00 in t^ 00 .Ti ;rj in 1-^ o CO o m in CI -^ in 05 00 Cl S t^ Oi to o •-< m CO • 05 r~ • • 't • 05 to «^ '^ i^ 00 r~ Cl 3 ^ CO CI O) ^ to * Ol CO V) on on en * * ^ " ^ 05 «^ r^ CO CO ■^ 05 OC 00 00 ■00 crj o 00 t^ I^ i~ t^ to t^ 00 00 r^ -* 00 m t^ in t~ O CO to in to ■+ on in CI OS Cl -* i~ GO >. (M ■» (M CO CO tM o • in in 00 • • o» * tci • CI l^ r~ in Cl s t- ^ m to to to • to n to ^ CO t-> (~J C-) O) in in ^ CO 1^ to rt 00 ^ ■* r-. 05 o o to 00 en ^ " • • '^ • ^ 00 a> t^ in t- 00 CO to 04 < O C*l r^ r^ o o on o 00 O (01 CO in ' ' ' 05 ' (Ti to OJ -f CO Cl en t^ CO Cl t— I^ r^ to oo to to CO to -f to tu m to 1^ — ' to to to ,_H on to ^ fM in in 05 ^-4 in CTi t^ to in to in lO to 05 in • in to • ^ • ^ • 00 t^ CI m t^ Cl "— ' Cl CO to (M CO in (7) o ' ^ fM ^ to to * " CO * 05 _4 CI ,-1 00 in ^ •t CT) «^ to !0 to to to to to in to to ^ in to -* to to to t^ to t^ to to 10 CJi r^ C'l fN r^ m in to c 05 OS CO on Tf Tt< d CO O CO 05 i-i t^ 00 in Tf to " • CO to 00 t^ •^ -* 00 00 ^ o — (^ in rs 00 _< 05 m ^ 05 ■ ^ ■ ' in on -* en ^ r; m CO 05 00 in to in to in m to m CO to to -t -t -t c: in ITS in 00 to t^ in to in 1^ rn o to «^ CO Cl Cl in 05 ■^ c" r~ CI (Jl T)« CO -* in CO to ■ t- • • CO ^ CO '^ m Cl »-- '-' Cl 00 o -^ rri TO in to 'h ^ ^ Ol a> in in t^ • on ■ ' CI — , r^ Tf m 00 CI ^ to in in in in in in in Tf in CO in in ^l* ■* ^ CO m in -f 00 ti. m '^ in , ^^ in to ,_i ,^ to CT> CI ,_^ SJ • • • • to • • (75 • • en CI on rf «^ -f • on • • • • 1^ • fa • -> ■* to to -* r^ CI in a — to to CO ^ t^ 00 Cl — ^' WW ^^ ^ HW' ^ W ^>' ^ HWKHHta ^ ^ WH ^ e4 ^ w' ^ ti (-> C5 ■* in -f on (N r^ O) ^^ o <-H as CTi r^ in ■^ (^j to CO CO m ■— Tf Tl< ■* <-< CO '-' CI CO -* CI '-' ■* in in J O ^ _, en r^ t^ to ^ ^ 00 _i o ^ on r^ t^ 1^ t^ r^ CO ,-i m to in in ^ to ■* 05 r^ CO (D 00 en j^ Ol 05 r^ 00 05 o» t^ t^ »^ t^ r^ t^ a> CO 1— 1 en »-H 00 Cl to ■-' -^ ;z;5^;2^'z^;2^:^i^^':5z;5z;5Z^'a:i^:z;2i^ CO ■^ t/j ^ aj Z • ^ 00 r-l C>J O r>\ ■^ m m to r^ r-. CO ^H ^ to to OJ C-. -i< r- CO -H -0 in ^H ►2 m (M c^ !M rl (M 00 Tl" in -^ — < CO CO in in in '-' Cl o en "> o O O O o o r> o O o o ^ M _, ^ _i _ _ ^ ri ^ ^ ,-1 Cl Cl Cl (M CO CO CO CO CO CO eo CO CO CO CO CO CO CO c*^ CO CO CO CO CO CO n CO CO CO CO r^ -^ -/■ yi '^ Vl VI tr >^ 3 c ^ c a « B ? 3 ^ .v.^ *» a i- 1 •2 •c-; S .e.e.e.s.s.g ^ • O • -g * Cj ■ • * * a, * a • ■ a o u C3 ■-5 a ~ B S ^ .'-5 N g "3 3 1-5 . . • • 1- I- t- 0) • a t- ID TABLES OF TEMPERATURE. 129 c" _o > 1 O * 0) s 0> '^ . . * . o § o o> j^o o 05 !2 »^ t^ « ^1 •;5 (M oi C2 o ci to a oi i^ r^ „ .. s - .- ^ t^ to CC t^ r~ to °.*ii «|M MH -+* ..= r^ i-H §■5 ^ t- 00 O t^ O Oi ^ o t- t- CO in OiOt^tOOCOr-^O-* C^ to >0 (N O rt 00 CO in to to to '-' _ CJOOS^r^O^tOCOTf o SO « CO •* o to iri 00 00 ao o ~ . , ^ . O50-#o0'-oointo 5— ii-< 1 1 d 2 «C CO O I^ CO o o -rf -*05tOOOOlC0^00 CTi t^ t^ CI 3-) -o -o o o P) -o oi in in to t^ m OT g^l Oi t^ m t^ t^ 00 00 , -^ ^h in in Tj< . • • " " • — '>] oj in m c: ^ t^ c» s g (N (?) 0>) 7^ C-l (N ^ CO CO C) !>) CO COC0!MCO!N(MC0'^^ O ; 00 00 rt O oi CO 00 r^ t^ O CO (N ^ 01r-ltOC0OC0t^-HTJ< 2 O OS -- "M -- 05 oi in . 00 to O CO "* . , , ^ , , t^tocjincoi^totNt^ ^ O t^ t^ t^ 'O to t^ to in i^ to to totototot^totototo ^ 00 m 00 o ^ I-) CO eo CO t^ OS r^ on mcocoocrfoooo s CI •* Tf :0 r^ 05 in to CO 1—1 t-- r^ >-" 05 c> m m t- to to — 1 a> 3 o> O ^ 1— o 05 -* 00 00 — 00 tH O . O , r^ . i^into'tciTtito.— — 1 3 <5; CO t^ i^ t^ r~ to 1^ to in t^ to to to to in totototot^tctotoj-- u Tj- CO O '-O Tf -f -* CO o in (M i-~ Q0--(n oj to o\ t^ o in to (N O! (M in CO to Tt< CI CO t^ O (?) CO CO 05 o 05 CO 05 — ' o r^ ■>* . , , , . . t^ooo-^inojt^iMco w t^ t^ t^ to l^ to 00 to to r^ to to totototot^totototo O to (N to -M -f in t- o C^ CO t^ l^ OS't-HCOOCOCOTjitD v 00 to iC !M '^ CO in CO CO Tt< to , , , — ctocooico^-(^^t^ c o in 05 00 o» to to -o . CO 05 O 00 00 . r^ , . . . COOO:^ — CCI>)O00 ^ in in in in in in in in CO to m ■* T)< mo'tootot^int^in to |Js-S|i'2s§ e *j e a « g a e a 3 aa-g~ge2c"s;g ^1 •J • "2 "2 "^ "s "3 "^ b ti to >^ *^ k^ S i> 1^ ^ <^ ^ .h ^ ^ i^ ^o '^ -d ' • .... • • • o a s 1. • c .s • O K fcb • 2 . . . g a> ^ *^ oj o oj S -t; " Ci 2. s o ^ — 1, o o r1 3 . s . . . o . . -S . . "-5 tS! aj • O . C3 0) --J XI O ^ -=^ ^ fe fin c» O pq ^ W:j Ph S u -^ o « S O O rt tS «3 .5 Ph pm ^-> ::; « cc o o en O 130 TABLES OF TEMPERATURE. ^ .• (4-1 ^ S3 -f -s (M f-, OJ Ph CO s ^ to ■* to to in in • 00 5 CO 00 CO 01 -V n inootooiO (N' i^r^ooo i-c,-.j^j^c5-ooin 00 to (M to in CO CO r- r-l in to m Or^-* c^ino5aio>-'OOcotoin(Mr^5<) t~-toin t^totDtot^toi^tr~-*tD.ntCTj>-iirjt^Ci05co — in 00 »— < 05 05 t^ CO -* to t^ tc CO ooooojt--*oor^-*'c75cot-j 1-- m en CO CO to 00 t^ — CO 00 — t-- t^ ■* OD to 1^ CO CO to a: 00 C>)ai(NOOO(MOO-HtOtO — CTtOOJO r^intot^QOtotor^ot^totoinini^to — to ■* (M (N t- iC to t^ |-~ t^ < ;^ 00 to in 3) 00 mco r--cn(>)(M goo! mcoco — co o>t^inoinc>im incomcoootoco — to to 00 ^ 00 t^ (M in ■* 00 CO Oi 1^ t^ to to 00 in intotD(M-HC-. r^cooctooo-*ooo t^ininoooommootDoot^in-^inooin -^ CO in to i^ in to 00 t^ t^ 00 o» in oj (NOt^co in^coc>» oot- MO — to in r^c*)-*omCT>050oco inin^-oooC'totM (M OS — CO CO 00 ■* ■* 00 a 00 (M r-. t^ 00 1^ t^ 00 in CO 05 CltO — — OtO-* — t^-)tO 0000 CntMrfCOQO t^cncOTfinooos ooo-*oooo — Tj'oo to -. in en CO in --I to in -^ CO oc 00 (N 00 00 t^^comint^^mi^oo'Moor^-j't^to t^inint^i^inmr^ini^i^m-^int^in oo r^ to 00 -* t^ t^ in to t^ t^ t-^ 00 to S-I 00 5i 00 ctoci^ coo rMoo — cooo cooo coo— '(N — »^COr~00tDCOCO to — en — 00 to 05 o» -o to t^ 01 to 00 C2C;o— o->) t^ »--. in co-tt^meninoOTt" oo^t-* — to 0— icocaoinGOin05COcotoj^mt^ lO to m Tf. t^ -f -t> to t^ m m «^ 1^ -r ^ — i^i^csi^Tj'Ti'oincoinCTioo i-incot-intc-^»-ttoin-f-tco "Ooi^QOinoooootocoiniMunooooo •^^ — — oj ins-i oco-tfrHin .-.Tj-i-i 00— 000000OO-*Q0O00(M»^Tt• tototoomiM-^o — to in o (N CO (N in CM ■*oo'Mt^o — ccinoo ^00— 'tooo Cl oi d •* ■* in in in in »> -i; «J -S l:5l^li!::ScoK!::Jt>3^ t^-Q 03 !^ !i 05 l:i ki cc -:- .a S"3 a e 8 g,ti'^:i'^Oi::Sait:3 •r>-^ S * o s t. 3 g "- *■' a fl 3 ct! 3 = 3 O O t: '-' tn uS ^►2 ou )fcOO TABLES OF TEMPER.^TUBE. 131 s o > 1 O Cm o 3 Sunrise, 12, sunset. Daily extremes. 7, 2, 9. 7, 2, 9. 12, evening. Sunrise, 1, 9. Morning, 12, evening. Sunrise, 2, 8, 9. 9, 9. Morning, evening. 9, 12, 6. 7, 2, 9. 7, 2, 9. Daily extremes. Morning, evening. 1 yr. 2 hourly ; 4 yrs. hourly. Sunrise, 1, 9. 10, 12,2,4. 8, sunset, i-educed. 7, 2, 9. 7, 2, 9. Sunrise, 9, 3, 9. c\ '^ ox Mt-s • -*< -to He en t^ o ^ O — CO M--C^OJQ05^ — coot^-*cor^03»-ot^oor-(Moocotoo» r^ir5.-aocnooocot-«3».';ooa> = S t^ s »n o 00 t^ --O-MOO — OOO — OTOCIOOO— "l^l^OS {MaiCOr~00 oooooo-->oooooco-^oot^r-t^oo.-i incooco^ O r- o o CO' r- CO . S(r. •-oin'Moo-to— '■— ooooooor^comoci'-'X'M-oo C--omco:oC'-ii>>«5 C0^^O5 r-!Mc0-t00-O^J:OO-Ot^t^-*C0O05C^-*r» O t^ t^ li^ O ■■£! -o . -.Dco— • eoo505'.Oir5-,o--s-^i^i.':ir300500(MOoocoeoo •o t^ -o ;o «o 'O to «o to to -^ in -^ o ;o iTi -o «o 50 •* ;o ic to d 3 1 CO 00 fN lO 00 o o-o— • coinmto— it^toMOoot^co-hoo (rioaj^co t^-Hin COOOOOOtO;COrlnmotoooiooo-»'CO'n35C»iO(rit^i-iTj.o-- COt>"tO tOt^t--tO'OtoOto*OOiOOOtOtO»0*£tCOCOCO 1 s 3 cn en c t- O -O !M ooco--oi^ — totooi^05— uTL-^cit^fNt^oomTjimio Oto— '»^05t^ooco~»n;o-oco co^cO(M-*tooi^^oo-* o — — o 00 t^ CO ot^cot^»^cocic^i^»nc^ooooc5a0'totooo*oc^^-'^t>. oooc5r^'not^t^oot^L~oot^ifl->tiio<»int^in«oooi^r^ c a, — 1 vr CO ■-0 ■* Tt Ci^C5C5t^t^-jDcot^coroocoint^o — ot^^CCTs — — " coor^cotoot^-^ococo'Oo^t^oocomtDiNoO's'rtO o — ■* -o tr~ -^ zo . co»nt-"Coo»'n-*:oto>nt^toQomCT>s^ooooeocoai(N — o toi^totomtootototototootoiotomtototOTttotoS 1? ^ O CO O in o» isr5(?»inmmo3tD cooocoiO'tiooo or^ — oiuj ^t-toot^i^(Mm(Mc^ cq-*oin--oa.oai ^oocoooco CI CO 05 O to Tf . -^OlOOl — tOOOtOTj-CO-tlMOCOOCD— ir-OT(<.ljtSt):o!>3S,ti^t:)"^;Sti;;^ti , ... ., t3®« ■la « g '§ ^g^ 132 TABLES OF TEMPERATUKE. a in a n t4-( it) o CO CU CO Ph £ i t-- CO r^ to oo o in 00 IM t- t^ CO o in ~ CO on o 00 r^ OS •^ o '-' to o\ CO in 00 '-' o\ CO in to eo 05 CO !M to 1" SM t~ -+ 05 J^ o CO 1— Tf 00 O 00 c> ■^ o ■ CO c in 00 1^ in oo CO 'I' en CO in oo C5 f to Ol CO P) 05 C^ ^ o» >n CO ■* o to in ^ to •* CO in (N in in CO m m to -tt> -* t CO in ■* 00 in ■* ■* o (N CO 00 05 C/) 05 CO 00 t^ r^ ,_, 'f r^ o ■* «^ in o o ^ ■* ■* 00 CO 05 1^ Tj. O J- 00 to to CO to CO to t^ to eo 00 (N tT lO o o< in en o -* 00 CO ^ (M CO o 1^ ■^ 05 't oo to CO oo (75 (N JJ Ti< r~ ^ 05 lO CI %D ^ in to in o to to to in to in ■* in ■* in in (N ■* in to to in ■* m "i" m in , , 00 o 05 Tf o -t> o to 00 CJ CO o f>\ ^ to o CO -,~ CO 00 00 in Ol in C) 00 no t^ to C5 in yj 1^ 1^ UJ t^ >n r~ t^ r^ -+ CO CO to 1- t^ in to to in to to to <» an ■^• o to Vl CO -+ o C75 in O} m ,^ CO ,^ m 05 OS ^ ^ -* 00 «^ to t^ 00 ■— ' ^ in in in c Oi to CO CO CO o CO • 1- CI to CI in o i) in o 05 m rf\ to to to C5 ^ TO CO rri Tf oi O J^ -tf CO 05 r^ ■ m CO -f rt Tt< a «"^ r- 00 t^ 00 i~ m t^ t^ 00 00 ■* •* i^ in r^ t^ ■o «= 00 O o »^ 00 in o in ^ 00 -^• or; m ) to m o oo to CO in CO oo " -f ^ CO m r> in I^ to o ^ ^ i^ ,^ o o CO in CO o 00 «^ (M CO <>\ 00 i^ o to to o 00 in 00 (M CO ir. 05 to I^ o to in m to in to in to in to to to to in CO (N in in to m m in m in in in ^ ,_l CO o •* ^-, to 05 o 1^ in OJ 05 o O |^-l ,_i CO rr: Ol to 05 o 'tj (N ^ o a\ o 05 O to <^ t^ ■^ 05 o o in (N in O to in o t^ t^ CO rt O CO o» 1^ m to in (N m m O ■^ in to O ^ r^ en O) to -t to •Tt- en r^ on OJ to Ol «« CO -f m -f Tf in to in in in to in -t in CO in un !M rf o in to in rC -f ^ in CO ^ o to c^ -^ Ol -* in c*^ -* m 00 o rt m CO ^ CI c -^ CO o j" !0 00 o ■^ r~ r)< 00 05 00 CO rt" 30 'T' O ■T m -f r^ 00 CO -f ^ r^ m lO O ^ ^ tr o to 1^ -*< eo no m -t in -+ -f in in 1.-; •^ to -f -f m CO in m — ' in m to in eo ~t eo in •ii — ~1 i^ to o t;; i^ --> r^ -M c^ .r< t. ^ -T Ol ^ i~ in 05 CO fM E c (M to (N Tf ■— ' C5 O VJ C5 t^ 05 (M to -tf to — ' tf" (M t^ in in 00 in in l>. ^ o 00 00 c^ ^ t^ ^ Ol % \ • • * • • • • • • • • " to o o CO • O 00 • • ' • irj • ■ ' • H m ■M 05 H ^" am ^>' H cd f4 W H ^■^ HWH ^ K ^ W H W a ^»»' to *■ ,_, OV c ■^ o 00 to CO o PI in to r) o c tr' in p_t o Ol ^ tT5 r^ oo en to 05 , , c^ Tf CO "* tC (M -* ■* ^ ■^ c^ CO in in eo CI ^ O u. '^ CO to to to !>. CO o to •^ to ^ m m in in in CO eo in -+ r^ o ro OS 05 05 00 '^ 00 ^^ I^ 1^ t^ CO '~* ■* ■"■ (M '"' t~ ^ '"' 't CA 05 5 •2 is •S S V." . C3 . . , . 0) o , , to 42 . . . "(i) . . . a-^ B a _, K' rn 5 .'Ti t: a . . . o c _!> t? J .2 rt 5 .^ 5 S tS O O O pq ■< H fii '^ 12; S 5 s § a2 C3 c rt ^ 5 ^ 2 ^ 5 ^ .;£ ri* M 1-5 &H t/2 J ti: TABLES OF TEMPEEATURE. 133 O 1) oT CO 3 W „(M ■;<^i~ (iia; i5 — • a a — '^ ^ « 'JS i5 — ll^^i-? a ^ -a c cc rt o -:r = 5 3 ® ; ^ • jj o rt t- ff! a rt ..^ a j2 ^ a t/j o g c a; 134 TABLES OF TEMPERATUKE. rt o O s 0) o in -o CO «) • o 5 in m CO £ in CO CO o -* •* CO CO in CO 05 o c= o -*• C5 00 00 in to in o CO in & O 1^ CO t^ 50 CO CO CO CO to tN to o\ to CO CO to 7* CO 00 CO CO to CO to to CO CO in Tj CO CO CO CO to CO to 3 CO (M CO to CO to in CO CO ^ CO to CI 00 to in CO in 00 05 CO ox CO in CO 00 m 05 00 CO in CO 00 (N in o o t^ t^ t^ CO M" O r~ O) to 00 t^ r^ to i^ O 00 o\ t^ CI CO 't t^ 00 t: o t CO 00 l^ CO sA in 00 CO o to oi to m C5 O CO CO in to 00 00 en CO 05 00 to CO CI in CJ o OO CO ■* 00 CO CO O i ocioo^incooO'*t^oco-*inco(M'-ooci-t<-*'MinO'l'cOr- in -f ■-■ CO in r^ (N 02ooincicoco^Tr'cot^(MOcvcoi---*oooot~in'Mool-#Ot^COo ot^r-(co.— ccD'^i— ir^-^-<-^-^tOi— idooocoi^S')— 1 ^ CO — ' ■* CI 00 |-~ CO to to t^ to CO to to CO CO r- -^ CO CO O CO (M to CO 00 inoi-tr--ttoooinina5 f-.>-^'^C>i— 'OOO t~. r~ r^ CO t^ t^ r>- CO i^ t^ t-- t^oiao-— IC0C1CO00COC5CO inc50coi7^inoocj{Mooi?i — ' CO (M (M Ci 1^ C>! ^ (N CO 00 X t^ t^ t^ I- t^ r^ f^' f^ *^ f^ coinoicocMooininooto ?itoooi^cor-r~(Noo«^05 oooinm^^-t^oooooo^^ t>.toco^o^-t^cococDco^- 00C5 mo'^cooooO'^inooaDO^-^i^co'Mt^ coosoinoj oootN 't^tooOTi"— '00o(.iooc:>tfco— '—'^^iOootN •comcoooi-i ocot^co * ino — CO— '-hooo.— coooo—' CO ^00 to ■-! ' c>it^co-*ro cococo cocotococoincococoinincocococoininco coincocoin com ■«f(Nt~-coincDcsi?ioooooc>r-— iin •^Tt"-^ incO'tcocococoinTt.-< ' — 'i-i(Mi~o COCOCOCOincOCOCItNC^PtinTHCOCOOICO^COCOC^CO COCOrfrJ-CO rioo (Nl^OO'M'^OOCOinosOO — OI^S'l-^O— " ^ H ^»>»»' ^ ^ ^>^ W ^>' H W ^ int^-t^intomotN^-i^oooiMOCJto — iMCJoococMcoi— icsOioo intNOm cocor- 1 in omin-ti'inTj'T^ininin ■* -*coi-i— • cocD-*'3jininin — i— l^-l(^^(^^(^^<^^co■*-*TJ•TJ O tc Hrt te s- a , -is 3 hU _ „ „ - _ ^ i1'^:2 I . O ^ O " fe ° CD >~,z: cu a TABLES OF TEMPEKATURE. 135 c o « > 1 C o c^" s-r ^r • • Sunrise, 2, 9. 7, 2, 9. Sunrise, 2. 9, 4. Hourly, Daily extremes. Sunrise, 2—3. Sunrise, 2, 10. 7, 2, 9. 7, 2, 9. (!. 12, 6. Daily extremes. 7, 2. 9. N. Y. N. Y. 7, 2, 9. 8, 2, 8. N. Y. N. Y. Sunrise, 1, 11 J, red. Sunrise, 2. N. Y. No. of Years' (Jbs. v> -* -^ • CO ■0 CO c» « c< CI m f- m r3 Cl Cl Cl CO t^ t^ 05 -to -H 00 m CO CO oo CO t^ Cl K -M CO 00 CO = Cl Ci -t >n — Tj" X C) r- r^ C Cl — ^ 00 't — CO CO in 00 00 Cl -t 00 ■CO CO — m -* CO 1^ 00 -^ CO t^ 00 00 "N — CO ^ ^ • CO 05 CO r- -f .-< 00 t^ « CO "* -* Tf CO Cl — CO 00 — CO -t -* CO CO •>* --t CO CO CO 00 r- CO t . c CO -^ m -* CO CO CI CO ^ CO ^ CI 00 T* 1^ 35 in Cl C-. -« in CO 05 t^ rj< CO r~ in 00 -- in ^ If -* Cl CO o> CI Cl CO — I- — o IM O ^ ^ lO •* • 0^ •* Cl Tf Ti" Tf in ■* in ■* in ■* CI CO — -* tC CO t^ -H O-t-i'Tj'-^COCO^ -- in . 00 ■* r}< C2 ■* -t CO CO CO s ^ Ci to O SO ^ 00 00C0-*O00n «^ ■<1< c< 00 Cl t^ C5 Cl ■* CO 00 in — Cl CO cjs ei 'J' CO — Cl CO 00 -* in oo 00 CO in in — C 05 ■* CO t^ ■* d CO rf ■* CO o -Xi CI Cl o ;i> in • in in »n Cl 00 -- CO in in m in in in CO CO Cl CO 1^ CO in in in in in in in CO in -- in in uo in CO CO 00 — Cl in in in in CO in 1 -* Oi o i^ ;o o 00 CO CO --c 00 t^ c? 0» CO Cl Cl CO CO CO CI en ^^ C CO CO i^ 00 't CO CI CO £ r^ Cl CO Oi 00 CC CO CO C5 00 CO CO CI 0:0 -o CO r- t^ t^ • r)< CO t^ l^ t^ 1^ «5 1^ m c — CO s t^ i~ r^ i» t^ t^ t^ t^ 00 CO •0 t^ 00 C CO -t t- ■* r~ CO 1^ t^ CO tc a, C-. CO t^ r-i r-l CO CI ■0 •-C -f CO — Cl CO ■* 00 S Cl in Cl C5 CO -t" CO W 00 r- -.O CO CO m CO C CI CO m. c^ CO -)< C Cl ro m ^ I -O -X CO m • 00 § CI — c. m 3-. Cl m m -t -r Tf CO m CD GO s m Cl m Ti< ^ m in m in X Tf S . Cl t^ -t «^ -t in Tj- m in 't U2 r-H CO t^ CO 05 in '■0 CI — l^ -t Cl Cl CO — in m CO tc CI 00 c; Cl CO Cl — -f — — C5 m 00 CO CO Cl Tj< -^ in en -- ■* t^ CO CO t^ ^ ^ ° CO CO CO CO CO CO CO — — •* CO CO CO Cl CO in •* Cl — cj c CO m CO CO CO Cl CO ■* CO CI CO C Cl CO CO . ^ — r, — CO CO ■* -* CO 2 ^ ^ e "S fl c . . . C S £ C 2 •Sc/2 = 2 2 S I.; .- C3 rt 5c^;::;-^;^^^^"!^'I^C ^^!^' !$;' fe; ^ f: ^j '^ 1^ fe; ^^ .^.2 = ii-aS = |„^^--- 'i ■£ = ^ § 1 fc S g H 1 -s :§ _^ -2 r g 1 1^ i £-.2 L 2 13G TABLES OF TEMPERATURE. ^ o c 03 ■* »n M- «> «o 00 -t 00 in o ^ 00 CO „, CO CO t^ in CJ OS o 00 t^ 00 in co s ■<*< in in CO I-" o 05 CI Ol '-' CI 00 in to in I-" t^ 00 ^ 00 OS o in in o Cl o ?1 ^ to ^ o m to to to c^ 00 ^ tr o OS t.- OS ^ to r)< Cl r^ C7S CO 1^ 1^ Cl •^ ^ 't •* •* CO 1- CO t^ to CO to CO o r^ to in to 00 o CO 00 in 't to t^ CO o CO in o OS OS oo -f 00 t^ o ■n o to CO -_- CO 00 'f •* CO -c in •* ■* CO CO 00 lO 00 t^ oo CO to ,, f^ CI o „ m o 00 OS in to l'^ -t CO 00 -. -« o 00 in ^ *» t * CO Cl lO O o m O in CO 05 00 CO 00 o 00 CO CO Ci •* ^ -f O ^ to ^ CO ■^ o o o OS r-l to to to to lO in Tf in -* Tf in in -t m m ^ in m in in m ■o in in in ■* in in 00 CO to CO ^ 00 Tf in CI i-~ -f o 1^ in oo OS Cl 'f m to r~ ^H Tt< o o OS P^ ■* in CI CS in in C5 CI CI o 00 CI CI to o to CO ^ c o ^ o CO o to CO Ti< t^ Oo Of) 05 o CI ,_! CO cr> c 00 CI in Cl CO Cl CO Cl CO to o Cl o d CO „, ^ o 00 -o to to ■o to to in to to to to to to to to to to to to to in S>1 „ •* 00 to o-j o 05 CI to ^ or; „ f~ VI in CJS 00 CO ^ m in to ^ in o tn CO o CI o 00 in o '-' Cl I^ OS 00 OS to to m n to to CO •* o «^ CT> CO CO to en to OS o OS ^ to OS OS in o o CC oo OS 00 t- t^ "^ (^ 1^ ■-; to vo •^ '^ •^ to t^ to t^ 1^ to to 1^ t^ «^ to to to Tt" !M C-l 00 ^ t^ or, oo 1, -t . •^ ■o CO 05 O o in 00 ^ CO 00 OS in ■* Tf Cl Cl '-' 00 OS Cl OS 00 in ■* ^ 3 O T)- r^ ^ to r4 CI ,-( o „, CO ^ r^ o r^ ^ rt Cl o 00 Cl OS in CO •* rj Cl -c in t^ to 1^ (^ t^ J^ t^ t^ t^ t^ «^ r* t^ t^ t^ 1^ I^ r^ 1-^ I^ to i^ t^ to t^ t^ t^ Tt< . ^ fM 00 -f in 00 CO 1^ oo oo in ■73 in -t to -t ^ in 00 ^ in ^ Cl ■n in a> O CI CO '^ t^ 00 o m to t C5 in in oo in 00 to -t Cl OS '-' 00 o to O o 3 O 1^ 00 t^ o r^ I^ 00 •^ to 00 o CO r^ CO to m in 00 Cl Tf -+ ^ to Cl 1^ m 00 oo ^ ^ to to »^ to — ' to -o to I-- i^ to r^ to to to to t^ to to t^ to to to to to o •* ■* CT> r~ 00 r^ 00 •^ in CI ,_( to oo CO o Cl t^ Cl ^ CO d to r^ 00 OS m « 00 '-' to tC ■-1 ^ 00 00 CI O) in T)< 00 Cl CO CO OS in to 00 Cl O 1^ OS t^ Cl 00 s o ^ o ov ,_, r^ GO to in to C5 ,_! to I^ CO oo t^ 00 OS -f CO OS m crs OS t^ in ^ no (a to in to in in m in in in to to in to in in in in to in in to m in in in to ■* o 05 -t -f CTJ O to o O 1^ CI o ■^ -^ -H „ ^ o no Tf r^ CO —J -tf o to ■ E 00 Cs o to 0 in in Cl Cl to r> CO XI o\ CI o CI in CO CI CI CO in CI in OS Cl to O o t^ 00 Cl CO CO t~ OS -^ Cl b o 35 T> pH in OM C5 in oo m TO o to to to to ^ r~ r^ CO 00 O f^ r^ tp to OS 't CO in ^ CI CI CO CI CI CO CO CI Cl Cl Cl CO Cl Cl CO Cl CO -* Cl CO Cl Cl Cl to CO t^ 00 ^ in 00 c t^ O j^ r^ o 00 00 CO r-l — o> ^ oo CO -t CO ^ in CO C I^ ^ t^ "■ -^ CI CI ^ m 03 to in o OS Cl -T 00 to in o c CO to to to d ►5 o^ r-l to r-l 00 00 00 m to -f r^ CI CO en no OS m to -H -:f oo lO r^ Cl -f in to ■^ -t -f -* -t '>\ CI CI CI CI CO CI CI Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl CO Cl Cl •* Cl CO Cl Cl Cl to > o o in o o o o o o 00 o • • o in • • • CI r~ in to o • • m • • • • • • r^ ctt • • • • • Kl b. • ■ '"' ^^ • • • Tf '"' ^ 00 ■ • '"' " • • • • • ^ '^ • • • • • p4 h h r^ ^* ^■^ ^' ^>' ^>" '^^ ^ ^ w ^>' H ^ H ^»' H B " o o m m 1^ t^ ^^ r^ t^ in 1^ CO Cl CO in oo o m r^ to o ir Cl OS to o 01 -t in -t CI '-' CO in ■* CO •-< m — ' Cl Cl CO in CO ■^ Cl ° 05 05 Ol 00 CO _ CI -+ -f CI CO m „ o -H ^ -I" CO m ^ r~> Cl -h Cl CA ^ Cl in CI CI t^ 00 t^ l^ 1^ t^ i~ C5 CS OS t^ t— t^ •* t^ i~ t^ t^ l^ •* ^* ^ ^'^^'z'^^'^'^'z^ ii 15 ;^ I? ^ ^" 1?^ ^" ^" ^ ;?■ I? ^ ^' ^" rn ^ N O O t— 1 t^ 05 in oo o '~^ Cl Cl m tn CO (-) r-^ Cl ,_4 -^ rs o m --^ in to Cl " ^ ^__, ^ ^ ■"* '"' CI CI CI CI CI Cl Cl CO CO CO -* ^ -t m in Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl -f •^ ^ -t< -f -t -f -+ -* -* -t -f -^' -f -t ^ -t -t -* -*• ^ -* 't Ti- 5 &■ : c u a c 3 13 g "3 |iJi|l||l2|i.sJ^||| TABLES OF TEMPER.\'rURE, 137 .2 8 o 3 Reduced. 8, 2, 10. Sunrise, 2, 9. Sunrise, 2, 9. 9, ■•!. Sunrise, 2, 3. N. Y. N. Y. 7, 2, 9. 7, 2, 9. 7, 2, 9. 7, 2, 9. N. Y. 7, 2, 9. N. Y. N. Y. i (2, 8, 12, 8). Sunrise, 2, sunset. 7, 2^ 9. N. Y. N. Y. Sunrise, 11, 2, sunset. o? No. of Years' Ubs. --!':,-l'M__-Ic) - i^ o-i i^ c-i I'l -* uo Tj- -* -* o Tf CO — ci u-: C -^ ■* CI OJ CI — ^ CJ CI M — O -i< oi o in D O 00 tC Ai CO (N CI CO CI o CO 5< co c-l -H o t^ CO .-< o 5-1 m !N 00 r- -o o i C CO i-l O — • CO o ^ i 'i'l ,1- — j) r~ C0^-*C0-*O-*TtTrC0'*-^Tj.rtc0 -H -o « r^ O irj — — . o o t-- CI C CO CI CI Tl< CO -* T)< CO o» CI o ^ 00 II. & C. monllis. (>)t^oo-<(NOOooir5r^t^t^QO-*r~ci,-iOj05COcO'*oocoa50>noo CS-OOOOOOOO— "r-^CO^t^CO — OOlOlMTfCOOtNOl^O^'Ot^.-H o-*'cocoir3co-*(M-*«oo5co-*WTf-*^t^mtor^i—0«5oot^ir^t^'-' cocococo-5-*-*-*(N i r~ 05 o CO Tj< « CO 00 o (M (MiM05i-';aoi^.-ioo-*;oco— imO'- oon-sDotM— n Oi CO »r3 in o io o in c;5 O O O OO l^ o •* o ■* -^ -O O O CO m r-l CO o CO m C5 ?i -o (N ^ i^ -o CI 00 -* CT> t^ -o ^- o en CI 't CO t^ 1~ ^ o o ? ^ = S3 3S 't 00 ■^^ t^ C2 1^ CO oi 00 c-i — CO o -^ o C-. -M o -t ^ o o o Tf o o o ITS o o n- o CI O --< O 05 ;s o o o "* s 1 o c) CO o CO ■* ^ -M CO r- ooococi'OCjr^^QOO^r^cs^-t i^ CO O 00 00 CO 00 C5 CO S -1" CI 00 o .-. -* -^ d 1^ o CI CI 00 -H 05 ■-! C5 Oi -f t^ ^ l^ Ir^ O O 05t^CJ — 0)OC0>ncr>C5OOi--0000 -o -o -o t~ i^ r~ o t^ o ;^ o t^ t^ ;:r w -t O O 05 00 1^ t^ ;S "O O to O t^ t^ ^ O O -f t^ 00 CO •n' ci ^ CO -f o m to CI ^ t^ o oi 00 O O O CS C5 CI 00 O CI O 02 ^ 00 00 m CI ic o 1^ CI -o o -o CI 00 o c CO O (M 't m lO m O t^ ^ C5 -* t^OtOr-o— i<»ot^t^t^oococom 00 CO — c t^ m « -*< O rl< O ■* Tj< rf lO -t> fM (N -O C5 CO 05 t^ •* o 00 ■*-*cocO'-'t^t^o-^rtCOcooooi^co»n— lo ■*OC5COr-i-*t^oo^ir5^-*rtaJ->*t^Ot^^ 1^ CO CO CI o O S t^ (M -:f ■<1< ■* -* 05 00 C0l^m(J5C1-:»'in«000Clt^00Tt, ^^5 Sv i-, 2; «J « W !« s^ "S ~£ "5 ~5 ^ ' ' 'a ■| .§ .s ^r^ ^'^ K= i:' kO ~ s S .,=2 -=; . ■<;•<: .o ?t.o~5-^ = • n-Ss^dos "S----.::^ a |l|t:|iJlllpliM..IJ-Jl§ 138 TABLKS OF TEMPERATURE. ^Ti nn 2 f i ;0 -O CO rf a> — in rH CO o CO CO O rt 00 to to CTl (M O f-i ■* OS ■* 03 -H .O O 00 CI r- CO 0» rH r-i CI rH O -H rC CO 03 0> 00 o 1^ m ■* in CO o t^ cn Ci CJ ^ o 'M -M ^I Ol to in o -- (35 05 >o 'M (M CO CO CI Ol (M o to i~ a> to 1^ 00 CO Cl CI CI CI CI CI t^ CO o o CO in r- in CO Cl m CO Cl Cl Cl Cl ;d o O 00 05 VD ^ t^ t^ in rt CI m CO c>i 00 00 to :M 1- rt CO o o to rH in CI t^ 05 Tf ^ rt" CO O O rH o o o CO in to to 1^ Cl to r- Tf 03 o I, cc CO CO O t^ (M C5 Tt CO CO CO to J- 00 CTi 05 00 -J> CO CO CO CO CO CO CO C3 r)< 05 t^ ■* r^ 00 CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 03-HCIOt^0300CO eocoin--tl ^ ■* (M CO to O CI 1- to CO (M O Tf 05 in o O O CO CO C3 CI t^ CO CI -t" o CO 03 CO to in cooococoino3coco o 00 Ol to O !■) --O -+ in •* lO 1^ t^ O 05 o 00 m rf to oi cn m t-. ctj ■*TCinTio-t-f't-^-*-)" rHcomor^tooiin Or)>eOin-t-tr)>rj< p. 05 -M m — 'M tC O T'l -O !•» CO m CO CO 1- 1- ci O I- -t «^ CO ^ o ■oino COOOO OCOCOrfcOt^O cioococo-*cocoirtcoinooococooj O o O t^ 'M ^ o ',o "-0 >n -o -rt y: O Oi (>> — < O CTJ t^ to in to CO to in in CI to W rH I^ 00 rH CO in in to in o to CO in m Cl CJ3 00 rH (^ CO in CO CO in in CD o < ta o inin-ocjio^^oo'MCOco t^ in CO O Ol 05 CD tM CO O CTi CO CO 0> C CO in 00 CI rH C3 Cl o 03 rH r, in ■* d m d O in Ol Cl O OJ 00 in i~ Tji 3>i ;0 to CO I~ 1^ r- O CM ^ 00 !N Ol (N O 05 CO CO CO ■* 00 CD CM O CI O •* 00 rH C) OJ 05 CI in CO t^ Tf ^ 03 CO ■* O CI o CO o in to o in rH inino3t^o0'*i^m o O 00 O O Tf -* 1- 1^ to t^ O O CI OT ^ O l^ t^ t^ t^ CD t^ t^ to CI to O O CO «^ CI t^ CO to I^ to CO 1^ OCOt^rHOJOOrHt^ l~ to I-- t^ to to t^ CD 3 00 rf t^ :o -- 00 iM I^ CO -n CO rH CI in CO CO o CO ci CO m to 03 o CO r^ m rH ,)! CO CI CI O O O 00 O CO l^ CO CO t^ o CO o o in 1^ '^ ■-0 CO to CO CO ^ to to to J-- CO in t^ o» in ■* CO CO CD CO CO to to CO 1^ CI •* CO CI ■* 00 to to to CO CD to CO 00 Cl o to in ■* 00 CO COCDt^COCOCDCOCO >' C 00 — en ^ -H — ■ o m CO C 02 CD CO -* O O CI rf CO O m CI CO T)< Tf 03 00 in 00 00 CD rH CI r~ 1^ Cl o cn oi o CO oo in Cl CO m o o Cl in o 00 -t -t in -- o in »c m to CO CD CD i-H in in m in in in CO m in in to CO CO to ■:*< to 03 in in lO »n in »n in corHincoco-t03co in in to in in in in in O W3 ^ 'M Tji to CO 00 o CO in o to aiTj-s^iooiOtot^incocOi— CI rH in in to CO O J^ to CO to eo 00 Cl 00 00 to CO rf — -tf O CO 't*' (J3 03 -H O t^ CO r.- to t^ ^ Tj< Tf CO in CO uo CO CI lO in -i< rtl -+ rj< rj< re •* -»< to -t rH 1 CO t:^ in -* t- C^ 00 -* 00 CTi to to O w CI 00 CI --- O CI 't 00 r-. o in 00 00 in 03 — 0) CO Cl rH rf in CO CO CO o CO ^ Cl in Cl C Cl CO rH t^ t^ t^ O Tj< rf CO CO •^ 't C5 r- CO CO -T) tJ" r- CO in in m ■* rH CO CO CO CO CO^ CO CO O O rH CO O CI ■* CO CO CO »0 CO CO CO 00 00 Cl 1^ — h 00 CO o> CO Cl in CO CO Cl CO Cl in o ^ 00 <- to to to r^ o rH in rH ■* -J^ -* 00 to CI O CI CI CO o o CI r- o t^ t^ ^ us CD C O 00 00 00 to Cl Cl ■* rl< m O CO to 03 r-< o in -j; CM rM 1^ 00 to — 7-1 !M r— CO CO CO i-~ — CO CO Cl CI CI CI CO CI CI CI i^ CO CO to rH Tj< m CI CI — CI CI CI CI o Cl Cl 00 m o ■* r^ CO Cl -t Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl i CO 00 CO Ol t^ 05 t^ m f- CO rH Tj< 1^ CO to '^ — O — < 05 CO 00 03 m 03 O CO -f -^ in rt to m o Ti< 03 o o Cl in to CO to rH 03 Oi 3 ■ O o in • 00 • • • CO . . . o in l^ r- O CI • • • .- CO O rH . . . Tjl 05 to 3 O • • • • 03 ;:; CO o i~ o c in • • r^ rf • CO 00 CO . . r^ -C . 03 CO ^^^^^^P^^^^?:^fe:^^!^^^^^p:^f4^^^^^ ^' 15 2 ^" ;^ ^ ^ 15 ^ ^ ;^' ^' 15 ^' ^ ;?■ z ^ z" ;?■ ^ z' z" z z" '^ z' '^ « 3 2 -a; -is "«; -as 2 ^^ ff« k^ .Q i-J '^ 1--J C^ .^ k-J "^* .W lO . .^ . . . .^ fe;fe;- _5 ?; s o ^ >■ ^ t^ ■ JS S P o fT3 ^ C3 ^ X to o o ;5 fM o cB p^ Q o po-:: , — -^ II — ^ r-1 r* Qj ?C ,— • H c3 3 !- ^ a.'H .£PS"->' 2 c4;2 g^s S rt S[C TABLES OF TEMPERATUKE. 139 o s .- S s X a a >^ j.,'>^ >^ >^ >-■ 2i'>^ Hf'§ f^V >^ ;zi rc;zi i^' ;?; ^ oo'i^i r^cc i^ ai ;^ .O 2 C • o X a OO o ^ ^r r^ 1^ '•C o ,_4 1^ r; CD r^ 00 -I- ^H ^ •i- -t o r-^ o ^^ CO o 05 -t 1^ t~ r^ CO 00 o t~- O) 00 o ^ o -* -t t^ — ■ IM 'M o !M ■-• ^ (M 00 <~ O (M o no»soCT>-^'-':Ccr5C0'-':cvi^-^:ol^^-^;DO;o^^X!00tocot^oto^-'^o;^co^ s» = S, S5 !^ ^ ■*; 2 -?: -?; s^Q^^a^uioo&:i6i^p^Pin«2t^o505'-to •M -M -M W 'M '-^ 'M 'M Ol Ol Ol "M fM Ol CO CO (M Ol CO ( ?) CI O CO C-l <>» d CI -^ •r; i~ 00 '-'5 C5 o 1- CI (M o o i^ ■* CO o ^1 -T ■•^^ 00 o c lo 00 I- i-" t^ f: CO t>-COI^'-'OOCO"OC0 1-'*'*CC'-':»-'3r—00000 o.rt<,-iOT)nin'tt--oo<£)-^ cocoeococoocococococococococo-^Mco-^cocoocococococo-* ooio»cO(N-o>noiooi^O'»'00?Mcococcaooor~oinai'-:2oOf-ico OO^C)— COOOiOl-COCOCli^Stil^^'^I^CO'OOOICOOOr-iOlO O lO m X ■^' 00 -t 1~ -^ 00 ts -t -^ 00 "^ 1^ O to rt I?) C5 t~ 'O o t^ t^ o '^ ys -f -r -(•-♦■■•^•'-"■•t-t-i'-f-f-f-f-y-fo-fio — -^^-^*^-s-^'-^■-^''r:-flO 00 o -^ i-o CI CO i~ -^ o «^ C3 o -< o «j en -o o> o -^ ci o i-o o -* CO i~- 00 r-icicoi-Hir;— i^Tfoo(Mcocno5CO(MCi~too(MmojDmo-*-*oo Ct^Cit^codr~oo'n3ii^co«Dc-. oo-*0500J^i00ooo-HOOooO'-"00-x> «ocooo-^'ocoocjoocoi~-OQOt^o-*ot^Tj05 oooot~oy2incoc505i^co'nr-t£i"*-*;o-*iooocomooaso0'->0'?» 0'tOtCi0500>OI^(MC!-*'*O00l-~t— i'0»nOCOCOOOy3lf5^05<00 •^ tc -o o -o ■* o -o o o o o o o t^ -J CD -c; t~ vn o I-- '^ to ^ to -o t— t^ O O O O 00 O Tj< O O CO t^ CO ^ -t> ~- n- t^ t^ CI C3 CI — < 0> 05 CO CO Tj— OOOi-tOOOtOtOtDOt^OOCICIl^lOCOCOCO^'tO C5cntoot^toom- lo CO o CO CI -t to cv CI 00 in -^ o o o CI in o 1^ CO CO 1- 00 o — . ov o cocoocicot^ioi^cir^io'^mooco'oi^totoi— icii— '^-footomoo O -^ L-^ to OO 00 i-O •^' Cl m CO CI -f 1~ L'T 00 O CO •-- CO 1^ to O CI to o to o o t^c^sooocji^tomocicooocioj'-'^coi.Tciocococn-r^ciooo OOtOCIt^CI-tOOCIt^OOOCIrHCOmcOOTCICOXiOOCOI-CTiCTsOOCI o^intooot^comcioco— iTOincioi-o-Tftoosoo-^'-cocooiococi M C o 00 D I- CI 1^ •* 00 C5 c CI to M CI CO I^ to O ■+ to p-i >-. ■f CI CI ■^ CI CI CI CI CI ■* nm t^O-^oOi—icoa:oo NootOTf-^tociinoio Jl to CO to to 05 to to CO CI ?J CI CI -* CI — CI CI CI -c O CO r-c 't to O CI •Ot^OO -CIOOO '05 • to.— I .oomci.to ^ p: ^ K ^ K ?: ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ?S is ^ ^ ^ ^ H ^>' H ^>»»' ^-^cinoinooooj^intooococomciintooaacO'OO'^'-oror^- cOp->^ CO CI CI --O"* CO cir-iTi.i--r-l^t— ^ z 2^ ;5 &" cc z i^ ^ :?" z 12; z' z' ^ z' ;?' ;?' ^ z" ;? i? z' :? z z z z >c-. j>oo?ocom'nmmtDooo50'-<"*ininototDi^ooooooCTii— lo ^-j^ooiniCioooicoinin ^^ O CI CI CI CI CI d CI CI CI CI CI M CI CO CO CO CO CO M eO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO ►•°'^£'^ S^° S'>^^°^°^!^ I^Ik^^ S-^k° k= k^ o .= k^ .^ k^ ►= S ^ . . . g ^ B - -a . cs a o ° s o H W S Q S O HKl n pq O (Ih fi* O ►^ cc fi, fii Oh h:! S P H S O p; 1-1 O f ;:: CI CI CO CO to 00 CO 00 en en o 00 •o to C5 •^ to C5 in CI O '^ 00 CI o CI to in to o 1^ CI s o CI CO n 05 CO CO m in CO CO o m CO o 00 05 CI 00 CO CO ? to CI CO c~. CI CI CO in to CO CI CO CI in o CI CI CI CO CO CI 00 CO -*< J' in in o 00 00 in 00 c to in C3 1^ TI" CO to CI 00 CI -tC o to in o id CI CI O CI CI in 1^ (^ •* 00 Ci -t O 00 CI -o ;^ ° CI CI CI ^ CI CI CI CO to CI CI CI ^ ^ C5 m CI CI CI o CI O CI 00 CI CI CI CI CI to CI ci CI ci CI ■* _ CO to 00 CI to ^ 00 to o ■o to ^ 00 CI 00 00 ri 00 CI o o m o to s^ ci in 00 to o ^ ■* 00 to CI CO in to 00 O "O ■^ o CI in CI CO CI o o CI CO CI o CI CO CI CI 00 to CI CO CI o CO' CI o CI in CI Cl to CI CO CI to -* to 05 to CI to CI CO CI CI -c > 3 t£. CI o 00 1 CI CI m oo CI • o to 00 CI • o to CI o o • • ^• • • 00 o m • o vo CO 00 CI 00 5 00 CI CI . to TABLES OF TEMPERATUKE, 141 >>i>^>> ^^^ ^ o?^ 12; ^ ^ 12; cc ^ z ^ tc^ Iz; 00 tc^ CO 12; 12; 125 ^ 12; 3 . s = e ^ -^ I kS vS ^S s ^ ^5 ^,5 <=: -« -js . K^ 5J 1.^ ^y K^ ^« I,- >3 52. I- QC S 5 * a o «, s 'S = o . -»-* ^ trj ^ 0^ M r3 p cj a o Its ?s S 5: ??. 03 OQ fs, ^ Ph 1^ S l-H CI — > cj In rZ3 'O a' i-=M t3H S5 = h5QO 142 TABLES OF TEMPERATURE. ^ ?- S M ■o tn O) to to o o t- m ^ •^ in OS CO C5 o CI Tf Cl oo CO O r~ o Cl en c» u O i^ C5 C5 'I' 00 «^ CO a> o o t~ 05 l^ CO Cl •^ to Cl to i^ Cl in in Q in >n «^ CT5 C5 on 1^ (M ^ CO in p^ in t>\ in ^ in ^ r^ to ^ to -t in 1^ to CO in c^ (N (M CO in 00 on on o in in CO to o on on ,^ 1^ ■^< Tf •^ > o ut •* a* o (>« (M -ti< o Cl to o (M ■o on to in o 1^ t^ Tjl o\ m CO CO o oo Ci on to o Ol CO r^ ,-1 ^ 1^ T|< o M CO CO Tf CO CO in t 'i* CO CO CO CO in in ■* CO CO CO in ■* in -tf in CO CO CO in en (M ■"t ,_, Oi CO o on 1-,. (M to oo ■* CO r^ 00 00 Cl 1^ CO Cl on -f t^ O •^ o 4-> n Tj< »o Ol in to t^ in -* OS o o o o OJ CO r^ c» to (^ Cl m o CO o CO en -t O om to t^ on in t^ 00 on O) in to oo to ^ to oo CTl in Cl Ol ^ to ,-1 CO r1 to o ■* -t •* in tC Tf in in in ■* -* ■* ■* to to in "* "* •f in in to in CD t •* •^ to t^ in o in o CO (M o to to o o\ to CO in t^ to O pH Cl 00 0» 00 r-< CO CO CJ in Tj. (N 00 m 00 r~ in 00 (M in o -* to (M — ' ^ o r^ '-' CO '-' 00 '-* -rf '-" * O ^n 00 r^ CO Ci Oi on on in o d on CI o O in Tf 03 on t^ ^ en o ,_ in O r~ Ol in ■n m to m in to to to in l~ 1- to to in in to »^ to to «^ m to in to o r^ 00 CO C5 r- Cl CO 00 o o 00 ■* Ol Ol a> a o t^ o 00 -c on ^ m 00 OJ ^ to t^ •^ to 00 o o Cl to •^ on CO 00 Tf -i< Ol i^ to o «- i^j t~ to t^ r~ to t-- t^ to to to t^ J^ (^ to t^ to '^ f^ r^ to CO to CD t^ to ^ OS o tf O) (J> O ^H to in CO o p-t o -f oo en on -t o to on oo r^ 00 in r^ ? 't 00 t^ 05 o CT> 05 'N in 00 in '-' 00 (M in o 00 CI 00 Cl i^ in 00 o in CO '-' '-' O CO CO ^ 00 to (M O 00 r^ CO CO o in ,^ Cl to ■^ ■* O Ol o on to en ,_ -^ CO ,_i to to to --0 to to 1^ to to to to to to l^ j^ to to to to to 1^ to to to to CO CO t^ (M >n rt r^ f^ (/) CO o on (M to to C^ 00 o CO o Cl 00 o r~. Cl •^ in j^ t^ en ,_i 00 t^ (M t^ ■* •* (M to CO CO CO CO '-' o •* o ■* •* Cl in Cl Cl to in -^ Cl to ^ o -t c^ •^ Cl in -I" CO ^ (N L- ,_, CO o in ■* rt t^ Tt< CO CO to Cl Cl in ,_ t^ rt in .o in in in m to to to in in in in to to to in m in to to to to to in m in CO CI 't oi o) ^^ ^ Ol o in in CO r^ oo CO CO CO 00 ^ oo 00 CO ~t o O CO CO Cl in ■£ CO t^ in in o in 00 in CO ^ 00 CO GO Tf in Tl< CO c» to 00 in o CD in 00 CO Pi < Oi 0>l c^ t^ in 'f to ^ -^ 0^ ^ to CO CTi t^ CO CI in CO to in -+ -f r^ r^ oo ^ Cl ^ ^ -f -t -t -t in in m Tf '^ •* -t in in in -s< ^ -f in in in in in CO ^ Tf in _H o CO # n in ■" 00 t^ in TT CO '^ to Cl 00 in Ol Cl in c3 o — > ^ CO ^ M -f on no to ^ o ^ ^ CO on to in CO o o o o Cl o in Cl o o s CO CO CO CO CO CO -* -* ■* CO CO CO CO m Tt< Tf CO CO CO in in m Cl CO CO in o to in o ,__, cr> 05 -^ f^ on ,_H o r~ in CO CO CI ^ p^ 1^ o in CO oo r^ r^ en 00 .Q 00 in 00 03 CO CO to CO r^ CO l^ -^ (M 00 00 o Cl t^ 00 Cl in Ol CO ^ '-' o in c2 O r- CO CO m OJ nn in CO c\ O CO -f _, O M< ^ -v -h CO ~¥ r-l r^ CO CD in CO ^ -»• ■X CI (M CI ■IM -t -f -f CI CI Cl ■n -f •rf CI Cl Cl -f -f "f -t -t — ' Cl Cl -f ^^ -t ,_H to CO t.T rr: — ; ■^ rr> rri to in o CO o> CO Cl -f -f in r^ ;-; CO o CO in o c o\ O !M 00 (M CO ■— ' IM 0-. OS a> (M ^ Ol <-* •^ to 00 CO t^ ■* •* t^ CO 00 t^ CO Cl ^ O r- 'I' tr> to CO in c*^ ^ m ^ 'f in 00 to CI CJ 1^ ^ in ^ ,-1 -f CO Cl in CO O r-l C^l r» ci !M Ol (M ^ Tj" CO ' ^>' ^ e4 f4 w ^>' ^ ^ hp4h^ ^' ^ HWH ^ w ^>" ^'w be ^ CI T*< ^ i.O o in C-1 CO o r^ •^ o to r- CO to 00 on Cl o r^ to ^ •* Cl O CO in ■M m ■-I CO '-' (M d ^ •-' in (M '^ in CI •-' '-' Cl CO CO Cl Cl '-' CO <-> ■ hJ 3 r- O o en CO oo o o ,_4 CO to 00 O O CO ^ o o en o ■* l^ ,_! o Cl CO in -H t^ 1^ 00 t^ t^ t^ ^ t^ t^ t^ t^ ■^ t^ »^ '^ '"' '"' t^ t^ t^ ^ :?• ^' ^' ??■ 'z '^< '^ 15 ^' ^' ^' 12; 2 ^' 12; ^' ^' iz ^' z i^i z' :z' i?^' ;?' z' z' i^i _j V CI CO in in lO 1^ cn r/? CJ o t^ o p^ CO to to :ft 00 o o pH _4 o| CO m m r^ «-- rt ■-1 r-l -— (M ■ s 5»- a, S -ts -as =^1 ^«^« OO fe^feil 1 ^^■^1 1 ^fe; 1^ 2 n t^ 1) m2 .9 "3 O lis a .2 o coco S^Sa=-2c3 o 'So oT o oooOct!-:^e5.2c3Co.2 TABLES OF TEMPERATUKE. 143 .2 i o a o Sunrise, 12, 2,9. Sunrise, 1, 10. 9, 9. 7, 2, 9. N. Y. N. Y. 7, 2, 9. Daily extremes. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. 7, 2, 7. 9, 12, 8, 2. 9 times. 7, 2, 9. 7, 2, 9. Hourly. Sunrise, 1^, red. 8,8. Reduced. Sunrise, 1^, 9|. N. Y. N. Y. 7,12, 11. No. of Years' Obs. C c r^ r5 CTJ «o o Ji uo ^ -- ^ -. C) — -i -^mmwojaoirtcoeoO'*!?! a»-o i^coo-*r^Mas'-H'-HOOooiMO ot^^i^y350t^m^o>ns>ir^o>t-Ht^o» --C5Ot^OO5— OJOJO o»OC<^commast^'Xioo» m^050ocoin-*oo-.cs>i-*o T)<-*C0C^C0coeo 3 0CDTl<05«S-vCirJ5'](?»C-*C0003:Drt -*-*-n-*-^innt^(NOC0^C5lMC0 — o««r-oo^L';ir:r^ C000-:l"01C0'n'>)O-Hr--j;C0<3>OaiO CO--— '00O'M00i.O) — Ol o t- --C r- -o t^ t^ s> w r- 1^ o -o t^ re o " m-^-i<>r5«n«m-*'<*-*io s s 5 c. -H Ol 35 J^ ■* CO '^ ic »r. --f «3 -o ^o in o o m t^ m Ol t^ t^ 'M C -< 00 lo CO i^ -1* in CT> -o o « t^ o 'O i^ 1^ i^ u3 40 IX! io t^ t^ ;o ■ OCOCOO)OOCOO«Ot^!OOt^ ■O O '-S m CTJ 00 -o t^ t- ^ «5 -o r^t^'t(N-+>^ooco'Mt^'n-l< to c a< ^coocooi05i-o»-i(M«o>nTi< -oj^y20)!><-*050cocoooocotDOt^o-*eo«o-icocoo5'iDcomTt<(Ncoi:^in!r>t^ootocooo ■*-*-*'*rinoinco-*T*'o p. omm:r!i^0 5>ic0i0-+co-ocr:cocoo •^tNaiTjji-ic)^t~'^C5-*^ 5^C^C>»C0l t^ to 00 -)< 00 to (N O CO O CI 't O 00 ^ CO CI O O I^ to CI in t- >- CO OS cs CI l« CI o\ t t-f CO « !>) fM -f -t — ' -t OS to to O CO -t -t CI -t (N CO Ol 00 cjs t^ in r-< ^ -J CO CO CO CI CI CI CI C» 1^ CO CI CI CI CO — CO CI -i* >' CO O ^ (TJ O 00 o 35 i^ as CT) ^ o 1?) r^ to in CO o J-. in 00 o o o 00 OS in o in 00 o o rt CO — ■ CO to 1- 00 to CI in CO 00 ■* 0(Mp-tomi-H00500 io-riiTi) 00 00 C5 to CO to t^ CO -H I, O O to -t in CO r-t o\ cc n i^ r-( J-. CI in t^ C» 00 1^ CI O cs p- O (?) (M «5 r^ (M 00 CTS rH a> t^ OS !N to OS 1^ to •* to -f ■* •* t^ OS CO -^ 1^ T(< -rf in m in in -f -^ -t< in 1^ in -t -«. -f in tO 00 -* in 1 iO'O —1 .-1 ^ 00 o to in — o -H t^ OS /-I CO i^ 00 -H ,-. ^ CI in OS CO ■* to r-1 i^ O 00 00 •* CI --< 00 t^ o ,_i O lO Ol --O to 'O !M 05 t^ t^ o o to o to o to CO O ) -+ in tC in CO to o CO •* CO ^ 00 in OS o »n 00 r-" 00 to -H c» o c» CI in 00 OS in CO in 00 o oo en r-4 000'+O00C0C0t(<'^J- t-„oot~-.tot^r*t^tor^ 00 o t^ oo oo OS 00 t^ t^ to CO to CO 00 r-< CO CI 00 CO l- t^ t^ CO I~ to CO m -cf o to to 1^ CO to CO CO t- s inoo!N t^Oio»-i(M «-~co'Ocn omom c^co'^t^-* ooimoo in OS OS 00 o cjs -* CI O CO t^ CI in CI CO 00 OS o 00 O CI oo CI 00 o sv| 00 c) -^ »n CO m o -< t^ t^ to to to to -o o r^ O CO ^ CO !?1 -t OO to t^ to to to 00 CO O O 00 CO CJ to t^ t^ in to to to 00 t^ in in in to O to CO to O in o (M 00 '» OS cosmos-* Mini-iTf O to O O) t^ i^ s^ O CO in m 00 -t CO o 00 OS 00 in r-< ■-( 00 00 m 00 ^ CO OS CI O CO 00 oinoinciiT'lcoTCO-)' tot^in»nintotointo O CO t^ m to -f 1^ in to m in m CO to — o t^ -t -< to to CO -)> in m m CI OS r^ in -t m CO to CI o in CO CO O Tf O "M CO o O C' (35 CO -t ■o <^^ o CO 00 in cs ci 00 CI 00 OS CI OS ci 00 i^ CO OS 00 to to o 00 00 o o oostor-i-^oomtoooi^ in-fin-^-^inmcoin (N O t^ -* 'cf -^ to Tj< in ■* ^ --f Tf l^ O O CO CI CO in in in CO T)< ^ Tf -t OS to Tj- CO CO in in in CO •^ in 1 m CO m 00 !'> o OS rHT)i o 00 OS t^ CO Tt O J^ to O 00 CO o to !N m m CO -f 00 CO CI to o o o in rH to CI 00 to CO to to in in o -t to 00 CO 7-) -f -f o -t -fCOCO'MCO-f-t— i-f 00 r^ 00 CO o — ' CO o to 00 o oo -- CO -t CO —1 CI —• CI CO o cs CI CI ^ CO CO CO in CI -c c O O f^^ t^ -+ OS ri ^ OS (M 00 to >* CO -t> CO OS OS (M t- (N OS CO 00 to I^ rf ^ 00 in !>. CI ■* -* 00 O CO 00 CO 00 CO OS 00 CI oot^incocoiMom^ -tCOCOCI^l-tf-f'-lTt' CI OS to -^ M r-< T(< ^ -* (N CI -M CO in 't O 00 00 00 CO CO CO Ct ^ rt r-i O rM CI CI CI CO CO 00 ^ CI -^ J m o o t^ o" •^-* • "OSOSCO j2 . • m . . • in Ti< CO O in • • o • • Oi ■* • 00 • • • OS • . d . . . CO . o • • o . . CO ; in to . ►3 H w a ^ ?: w H a w w ^' w ^ a ^ w a t4 ^ ^ ^' ^" ^" ^' ?s ^,— oocoot^ooooiTfOos-finoocoi-i — ' J •^ z '^ '^ ^' ^' ^' ^' Is' Is' Is ^' z Is Is 2 Is" ^' z Is IS ^' Is ^' ^' is z" Is vCOOOrt':j<^T)<'3-(<'*-J'-*^-,.^ " ' ' ' -s * * g ' • • • ^ ' ' a • ' • ' u a l^^o^'?^'|^'|o^^-| ... ."^ ....§. s . ^c3e-i^o>=us'3a'.S3 TABLES OF TEMPERATURE. 145 c ^ • a -d • * • • a> o> • g 2 . . . . O' . nH CO . o « CI s ^ ^ ^ X •^ 13 ►r S -a in c D to to 35 a ^5 K- . = 15 . ." . c ^ ?^ (71 fl CM s a — , 00 s -"S . "^' . 5 N. Y. 7, 2, 9 8,8. Reduc N. Y. Ill o -* J-H Hfcl o -■ o incoto •.-i'tO(Mr-.-*(MO(MCTito>-i -O O CO CM r^ O 00 ^ 00 O t^ (M to (Jl 00 ° tJ3 CD in t- CO 00 Tji in in 00 -- CTJ m 00 CM to o inTfinto-*toT(tTji.^ ^ to in m ■* t^ ■* -* Tt in Tji in s s in CO CO CO ^ i^ CO t^ Ci tC to ■* CM CM (J5 Cl t^ 00 CM O ■^ to . c •c a. eo 00 CO 00 t^ CO to en CO ■<* inoit^-^l'r^i-i-^co in(31CM-*tO00(M>-i oooeo(Nt:^r^r~t^0^tootooo ■^l^-'l'tOtOOOi— ct^'Tfi-l,— lOOO O 05 uo o in r-l ■* to ■itoooini-(c3>cj>t^cOcM>-itDi-(eo cMCOCOCO: o s ■* j= 2J o O --o ic m r~ t^ M- CO -.o 0-. t;: (T) »o !ri vo 00 CO t^ «- -^ •^Cl — t^tc— iOOOOO-^-^-^OiCOlOOO com — -^cioeoo-HO mm mGOCTiOocoom CI — CO • OStOOlOCOf^-ft^CMtOtOOO 00 c 00 m Oi t~ O 05 t^ 05 ocoo«ocoi-i(N05Coeo(N coeoco-^m-*-*-*-*-^ mT((M00mT) t^ m m to i-Hoomot^iococooto -^i^t^t^o — momcooo • 0(>)0't — to- mr^TiOico (M O t^ O 00 00 00 o m •* Oo50r^ooocoo5 0t^Tt totootct^- — "oommoooo to to r^ -o to to to m to to to CO to cj> 00 m •* m to to to t^ S < oot^^t^i-iooino'raoo Olt>-!MlCt^Tl-Q0-J'tMr< CO (M Cl 00 OO to O"! t^ — C (N m — C500t^t^mi^»^co(MTt» — •* to r^ 1^ r^ 00 "a 1-^ -*-*(Min(Mco'noin^ cocor^oomiMcit^t^m- O'l' — m o — t^ O r- m to o> to t^ (M -* O to -M ■* CO CO to t^ m O o in CO 00 — CO -* (M IC 'M t^ -t m C-. -f m CO CO m CM !M m -f m i^ r^ t^ t- 1^ to r^ to (^ t-- r — )> t f C) O to to i^ 1^ t^ 00 . c 3 coCTJ'-'COCTias'Xiint^in 00 — coc^Tfor-cMinTt to — ci to GO m to m t^ CO Tf — m O Tt" CO !M to 00 00 (M 35 — O O t-- m CO o> 00 — CO 00 O fM O ooo^oin — usooooo i^t^intci^or^t^t^-^ moO'tOCTicocjmoO'MC m t~ r^ t^ t^ -o -^ to to to vc t^ -rr 00 — 00 r^ CO m r~ to to 00 r-loco-^<^'t CC ^ 't 'O to -o -o tc to ^o OJ-tCOOOTf'fOliOCOCOCOtOto m to to to to to m to m to to to co 00 m 'i" 05 00 Tf to m m to i < inMr-r^ — CToococo t^i^c^irJOco^coto 00 — co-Ttccnas-Mcicocooo toTti^ — tooocooootoois>)co CO o o — o O t-^ m CO to otDcoQOQOin — 't(^^^n(^^ ■* Tf CO ■* in in in in in in — -frtTi<-t<(M 00 m m --t to 01 -t ^ ■* T)< 1^ !>> ■— t^ CO -t t^ CO m s oo -f 00 c) o to 05 c-i 00 00 m — 00 oOTfa5r^cocoj^tMC05-i o 05 O into — (Mt^ooco-^J^o tOCMOi— (MCO^- ooootoooo t^ to C) — C) Tt 05 O C5 CI to m — o to to oco — 05rNoocooot^ . O — I- — ■S(N» •«• • • -OO — ^oo . .00. . . . r>t a> m — r^ o to -+ CT)'(M-tOOt^ 1^ CO. .t^moo — to 00 00 (M • • • • t^ . . . . C o ^ooootococotoooto— ■intM — o — r^inin ..cotocoto in inmci(Nin-5jiininCT — mw ^io-*co Ococoto-*co-''?>' z ^' z. ^' ;^ z ^' »coco-tt^cootoo — — ^-fcotcoooo— C>)00C0O — -t-fM't^ inmoin i— — — — (ri!>)(M!r)cococo ^coco-^mininminm oM*'^'^T^ininicinininmioinininininm ininminminininio ^E^ S S ^ -^ ?J 1' J •^ "^ '«?! .-*^ r'^ 5 S 5 -S 3 2 5 5 5 2 •£ 5 -^ C r~ rK 5 -ii 3 bD — •-■ t.. o. .S ■ • a> £ t- t- cti c3 S ^ « S >> fcc^ .2 ■? -C P^ M W c^plh < O U P^ h g b- . ^ g i -S TABLES OF TEMPERATURE. 147 -J '3 o i % ^ ^- e SI O • • • CO h5 i-j CO a a 0) • s • • • • • ^ >> • • 1 ^^^.i + 1 1 ^■1 ki • 0>l • • • • .. - ■* « ^ , ^ ^ l«! X ^ O CS a> Oi . 1) i< o K ., OS .2 OS (M n a c a a a a "^ c^ C3 Q cT o (N t-^ Q t-^ t- [» l-^ No. of Years' Obs. 00 r-< ?; ■* ?i o •o <^ r~ S • -!■ r- t^ OS •f c. m to in in ^ CO CO CO . CO CO UJ ?< ^ ^ (Tl ^ 05 02 -M O o fN t^ o m r- O -, -^ ^ cs _ ^ CO 00 m OS OS -f c o fc-=^ 00 ^ t- n -t 00 05 -t 00 O -^ '-< '■^ ^ OS I--; -^ ~ o o OS CO c QO CO Ol on o «0 ^ 00 1" c> 50 CI OS r^ 00 OS in *n 00 •-0 CT' ^ CO — eo — o oo .-r> m 00 CI OS U3 » in CO — CO -- 00 00 in t^ OS 00 5^1 o '-' 5-1 ■* o lO o ec in (N CO ■^ -^1 •* CO 00 Tf •O OS ~< OS — ■?) CO o Tf m -N s r^ l-H Tl- 00 00 05 -* o •M —I ^ -H Tf OS •-' t^ Tf t^ CO CO Tf in •* OS oO T* s^ 05 --o •N -j; •^ in CO . in m QO in •o _c m CI «o m m o Q , ■<»< -^ ■* la >n »c in m lo m in in in m in ■♦ Tf m in in CO Tf m in in in c la t^ o -)< -f c^ 'N OS •o o in .-, c^ ~< o -f 71 CO m OS -- CO oi m >-i o in S m lij oj 05 CO O m i^i oo C. 00 ■o 00 Tf -o •■O CO ?< CO OS ^ o 2 o t^ ■* 'O .-1 t^ CO OJ •o m CO . O m « •-0 cri -M =o in Tf CO 00 —' 1- ^ ■- Tf (M 3 < ■* ■* »o »n in o lO m O lO in in in in in ■* t in in lo CO 't to m in CO t: to .--*■-- 5C o — en ^ ^ t OS CO ^ ,^ on CO _ 00 CO OS « CO CO o t~ CO S E 3 r^ 00 CTi 00 ■* ■-' 00 00 00 in o in o 'f '^ 00 -f Tf (N 00 CO Tf c ^ CO o c -M ■M O !0 !M c !M ^ CO — t^ (M CO r^ CO Ol -^ _ 5^ — — CO CO -t ~- Z< OS m t^ ;s -O t^ t^ t^ t^ t^ t^ in t^ »^ t^ t~ t^ CO t- CO r- »>- 1^ Tf to t- t^ to 00 •* t- o> o — en in CO o CO -^ OS •o CO m 00 (N CT O c^ C t^ ^ ^ rt ^ o o CO to r- m in r^ Tf 00 CO t^ CO !N -o in CO o CO m Tf o a, TO o» in OS i-i >f5 -+ ■o ,_ «5 OS to on CO OS -f OS in in Tf CO ■+ « 05 CO r^ T(" O CO . t^ 00 OS CO OS in r^ CO 00 OS CO t^ Tf =^ ^ M CO -* CO CO ^ CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO " <-c CO CO CO ^ '^ eo Tf eo eo S^ s>. -ts s ^ ^' 1 1 1 f f f ff 'f 'f tf tf f -5 S as • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • . .eg • . . bC (—1 a s _£3 cS C3 ■fcb , 'a H) cS C3 n 2. ^ Q a ., ^ C i o • a a '— — ^ ■-■ .^ iC ^ o 2 > a ;.-, -- t;^ a ^ ■^ i£-^ fe CO S (» A* -< U O fe a ;im6s a o 1^ z; -r a 5- 66 C/3C» ( This Paper will he continued in the next Part^ TABLES OF TEMPERATURE. 147 s ^ ci a> ^ a^' 0) i> a> ffi Oi "^ a .2 !M .22 .— >> >» cs .2 05 c « . a a a a s xn rji ^ 'XI m Tiifiui ■5 "'S QtCQ (N C) o 2 „• 00 rt CO -t cq :o •o o» r^ o • -t t^ r- OS -H OS in CO m in -^ -- t^ CO CO CO . CO CO in c>i " rt (M '^ te-^" r^ 05 05 C'j in o oi t^ •-> in r~ o o CO 1^ OS OS p-t CO CO in crs OS -t -^ en CO ^ t-- W Tt oo OS rf 00 O '-H r-^ O o OS in r-H to cs CO 00 ^ CO CO 0>J SI O CD ^ 00 -C 5-1 CO Ol OS r^ 00 OS in in 00 to CO -< CO — CO .-1 o 00 OS in 00 CI OS O !0 CO CO CO CO CO <^^ CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO m in CO CO ^ c^ ■* CO (>) CO ■* 05 -^ O <3> -O -* in ?i OS 00 nH 00 t^ CO OS 00 CO OS (M in CO ^ t^ CO 00 fc-"l 00 (?« p- i -*•*-*■* m o in in in m in in in in in in ■* '^ in in m CO Tj< in in in in c in 1^ in -f -f CO rM OS CO o in CO CO CO O -f CO CO in OS ^ CO CI in i-H in S CO m in 03 OS CO o in in 00 O oo to 00 — 1 -^ rf CO to to 00 OS —1 3 o r^ -t -jd ^ t^ CO OS -JD in CO . to in OS CO 00 fM 00 in -f CO 00 ^ n CO CO '^ c-i 3 -t 't -+ in o m in in in o in in in in in in -t T)< in in m CO ■^ CO in in CO j^ -o — -t -- -o m -o OS ^_, ^ -t o> to ^ e 00 CO 00 CO OS (M CO „ 00 in r^ 00 s 1 t^ 00 0> 00 -t o 00 CO 00 in o in o -* o oo Tf -rfi 00 CO -* c >-' CO ^ 00 o ■>) !M O '^ iM O ^1 _i CO r-H J^ 0\ CO t^ CO C) CD -- J^ — 1 — CO CO -f CO r^ OS in r^ t, to o J^ i^ I^ t^ t^ t^ in I- l^ t^ t^ t^ CO t^ to t^ l^ t^ Tj< CO r^ t^ CO 00 -f t^ OS O — OS m CO o CO '-' OS CO CO oo 00 C'l CO C CO OS ^ 00 OS m in m i-H l- -t -^ rH -( O o CO CO i^ in in J^ -* oo CO ^ t^ CO CI to in CO CO in T)< 'S o O »^ OS 00 t^ 'M -t in in CO » in to CO in 00 t^ -t rl (M 1-. ^ -* ^ CO -f m in in in tn m -* in in in in in in Tj< Tj< in in in CM 00 in in in u, in c^ in OS ^ in ■* CO ,_, CO OS CO 00 CO OS -* OS in in -* CO f r^ CO in CO 'I" OS CO rt ^ O iM OS (M O ^ Tj< o CO O (M - S o m ^ c>i (N o --o OS O CO CO . 1^ 00 0> CO OS in t^ CO 00 OS CO t^ ^ 00 5> s~»^>^a- 5r,^ >s =>-. 2 • S ? =^ ^ i-C' S^^Sl^ilS 'tj s a "^ "^ "^ a 5 5 2 r^ ^ to -- .2 >, -S, -.2 • • • -.2 fJH CO H mP^ -< O O Ph Eh S t3 • cj o Ol ■ - t, j3 O .S tM .- • ^ * • t< a ^ VOL. IV. M 148 TABLES OF TEMPEEATURE. iJ ^ CO in in on to -f in n t~- rt o o on I-- on ^ ■^ on 05 CO t^ Cl „ 00 in Cl r^ in o CT CO ■* rC 00 o> Oi CO in CT! to t^ 00 ■* CI CI 05 00 00 to 1^ 03 in 'l' c o -^ on r^ to ■^ CO to O) to ^ CO on 05 in CI m to Cl 03 ^ to ^ to to 00 r~ ^ n CO CO CI CO CI CO CO CO CO CO CO CI 03 CI 03 — " 03 CO 03 03 Cl CO Cl Cl -f 00 Ol CI c r^ to o o -t CI in r^ a, ^ -h CO CO -+ 03 •^ Cl I^ 00 CO Cl in •o t^ o 00 t^ 00 CI Oi CI o CI in 05 ^ to to to ^ in in to 05 O t- CO •^ CI c^ no on (-1 m (-> ^ c^ m to C^ CI CO to CO to ^ in f^ to Cl ^ t^ »^ CO •* CO -f CO -t -t CO ^ ^ CI -t" CO CO -t" CO CO CO 03 -t -* 03 03 Tf "t CO •* in ^ r-, ^ ,-n ^ CO on o (^ to ^ CO to CI r^ m CO „ 00 Cl ^ CO on t^ in ^ t^ in in 00 00 in CO to in '^ -— 00 CO in to 00 ^ CO Cl Cl -* -* CO •6 o o\ in CI lo CO o to CO CI ai ^ ^ CO m t^ 05 ^ Cl in CO I^ O! Cl on d -f tn in in Tf m in in in -c in CO m in ^ m CO m -*■ -^ m -f -f m •* 1^ -^ m en CI in ,T Cl 1^ in ^ o CO in -t C5 Cl en in ^ Cl ^ id 05 CO OS CO Tf tn o CO 00 in o CO m CO to CO CI ■— ' t^ «^ 03 to •^ 00 Cl "-^ '-' '-' £ o 1^ CI ^ m (T) TT m CI CS CO ^ CI to 03 CI r~ Cl CO 05 in ,-< rl Cl •* to to to in to to to in to in to T(< to to ^ to in in to in li; to m CO to to CO CO •, 05 00 o r^ 05 o ^ CO t^ CI to CO •^ 05 r^ 05 ■* i^ 1^ to to to 03 03 in a O 05 o\ C5 ^ ,_! to o on on CO Ol in 02 ^ m in ■^ to 03 Cl m r^ Cl Cl 1^ 00 •* 05 to t~ to to t^ t^ to to to to ■* to t^ to r~ in to t^ to to to to t^ to CO in to . ^ ■^ ^ in I^ Cl o o o in 'f in o> CO CI ,_i ^ m to ^ -f 05 on ,_! 03 in -f ^ in CI in CI CI r)< o to t^ 00 ^ 00 ^ r^ r» 00 05 to en tC 05 C5 »^ 3 1-! O l^ CT: 1^ ^ r^ c^ to ^ ^ ^ to CI 't 05 05 en ,-i -f CO 05 ^ ^ ^ •^ in r^ in to to to to to t^ •o to to to to Tf to to in to in to in to to in CO CO ■* CO CO 03 m in to r~ 00 ■^ 1^ CO to 1-^ 00 to to CI 00 in 't 05 en 1-^ 'f to on 1^ ,__, CO >. ■^ -* CI to in CI Tf CTS CO as 00 in 00 in to 00 t^ Cl 00 05 Cl g O (-> CO en CO CI Oi o 00 in to Oi Tt< r~ CI CI to r^ ■^ ^ ^ -t Cl t^ ,^ (^ to to in in to to to Ui m in in CO in to in to Tj< in m in to to m to in in ^ to • to CI -f m CT) m m c^ m ^, a> ,__ CO 05 m in to Cl ^^ c^ ■* Cl CO CO 00 ■* 00 r~ Tf •-1 CI CI CI Tf o r^ in to ■* to in to '-' in 00 CJ5 t^ 00 < (M ^ ^ CO ^ CI CO o ^ en cn to CI on m 05 c:5 05 to f^ in 05 CO CO CO lO in in ■* in in in in -f Tt< '^ CI m in CO m 03 t CO 't ■* in •* in Tf ■* -t in ^ m r^ o a> (T) CO CO i^ 1^ m t^ (n ^ 1^ en •<+ 00 to 03 I^ 01 r^ in in en ,_, a CO ■* Cl CO in 00 o to n CI 00 05 CI CO CO 't Cl to r^ 03 t^ to Cl 05 o o ^ Tf to CI in O CO CI o o 1^ 1-^ en 1^ to or, to Cl on Cl Cl 05 r^ CO 1^ 03 <-> "^ -f -f -t CI -* 00 T)> -t> TP rj — ' T)> CO CI 't CI 00 Cl CO -t •^ CO CO 'f CO CO in CI o lO ,—1 CO 00 to CI CI 1^ in in to ^ <:^ on CO in 05 Cl f^ or, 05 en 03 en J 00 t~ CI CO CI o> to — ' CI PJ •^ to 05 00 00 05 '-' to Tf -* '-' CO '^ Cl t^ r^ Cl t^ O (M r^ ^ -¥ to o ^ to 05 to CI to 05 05 l^ tH Cl Cl in 00 Cl on •^ r* ^ Tt- CO -* CO CI rf CO CO CO CO '-I CO CO '^ 03 CI ^ 03 03 03 03 Cl 03 CO d -* 05 no in O m in in Tf ^ 'i' to m CO CO en CI -* Tf ^H to -<< 't 05 ^^ (-> 't CO f-1 c 00 ^ in Tf o to en CI CI CI r^ 00 O! CI to CI 03 to 05 Cl 03 ^ in <» in 03 Cl rt _ o O^ _l CI CO CO to o 00 r^ 'i' in 00 03 in r-. m -f 05 to to ■* 0^ m on OS CO CO ^ CO ^- CO CO CI CO CI "— ' CO CI — ' 03 CI 03 ^- Cl Cl 03 Cl Cl CO Cl Cl 03 to in ^ d o -t r^ 05 05 C5 00 p^ ^^ 1^ on in (-> m aS • T(< « • CO r^ • CO o CO • fif- • 03 • • r^ • r^ in in CO fn • ui • r^ , , CO « CO CO to • o CO . to • , Cl , (— < 'f 05 , -* Cl on , '-' '-" '-' r~ •-I Cl ^ Cl '-' i-< 03 WW ^^' wpq ^ w H a a H H H ^' HHH ^' w w w e4 w a w w h M ^ CO to o o o in o o 00 00 CO CO .— 1 t^ CO Tj< to ,— ( t^ 00 to to on in t^ on CO CO in in CO CO CO CI co ■* in 03 '-' 05 Cl in in Cl CO >-] ° ro ^ ^ t^ CO on ^ to to to CO en CI rt< ,-, CI 03 ^ t^ OS CTl t^ ^ tn in ^ ^ . en cr5 Tf Cl CO kJ •-^ CI CI CI CO CO CO CO CO CO CO -* Tf ■* ^ Tt< in m in in in °'n tr> to o to to to to to to to to to to to to to to tn to to CO to to CO t^ ■* -* ■* ■* -t ^ 't -* ^ ■* Tf ■* •<* ■* ■* ■* T*< ■* •-.; ;i ^* ^. **^^ . ■^' ^ »• , s o N 0) o a c > M • 11) 2 S ■3 tH a • CO '5 a J3 5 o 0) c 'C s c O s "a! ^ u t O H « K C <1 hJ t> O h3 h m pH!jfiHOi;iO'feospq^;2iao;2; TABLES OF TEMPERATURE. 149 c o 05 ^ O s • • • • • s a> S • co" O a s a o * ci * •| •s s X X X r^ o aj o K 05 Oi _r c. ^o o >» . >^o (N O) CI a d o o - -5 c, in <^, ■ 5 a. 0) '3 _r OS in 00 l^ t^ j!^ rcM t-T Q tCiC rC CO't^ (M CO t^ (M o . Tf CI . o o t^ O N-;0 (N CO Ol . M< in CO — o O -* O to CO ^^ rt ^ (M rt ^ (M m Oi IM ,^ in in -^ C) CO CO O i^ CO o 03 in CO o> 05 00 to in ir< c^ ■* in CO o 05 '^ CO I^ i^ 00 in CI in (N r~ «^ oi « O to o^ in m 05 OS ci 00 to t^ O o CO O 1-^ 5D to O o a> CO -< to t^ OS CI (M r^ 00 o Cj (M — 03 O -^ o 00 to 00 CO CO (M •iinr-ico t^ ■* It en — 1 rH "!(< 00 00 in O 05 F-l ^ Tf o in ■* in CO in o 05 ■* to t^ (N O in O 00 to .— to oo •* <>) CO rH CO -* CO in rt> to CO CO Tt CO Tj< CN CO -* ■* Tf CO CO to CO CO CO CO ■* CO Tt< CO CO (N O (N 00 ^ in CO OS 05 'f I^ 1-1 CO in M< oi o o in to o t^ j^ t^ 00 to CO O 5) 00 o o o t^ o r- t^ 00 ers (N ^ ^ -H o CT> 03 in 00 CO r-l O C3 1-1 O O to en O "- ■* CO _j fN o tC O 05 00 O O CO C3 (M W 0> CT> r^ in 05 * ■* in CO >n -"f -* in CO ■* ■*-n Ol CO 'f •M to i-i — C2 Ol ^ CO m in T«< .-H 00 to in o CO to 00 3 <1 m o in ^ in iCi o m in ■* in CO in •* T»< in ri< Tf -* T)i in in I* ■* in in Tf in ^ CO r^ 00 CO to -t 00 m C5 CO 05 (M I- in «^ CT t^ 00 o ^ in 00 iM O O 1^ 00 03 OS m r~ to to O Ol r^ t^ (M o in C5 in t^ Tt 00 ^ t^ O CO !N CO to 00 -- CO to o o to to CO 00 ;a t^ «o O t- '^ to to to to to rj< to t^ to t^ m to to to to to to t^ to to in to in to o CO ^ to 00 05 00 O CO 00 CO C>) 00 O t- CO in 05 03 ^ Tjt 00 Oi rt r^ (M (T) to in 't rt in o (M to CO ■'J' to '-< 00 O to O CO (N r-H O CO to to O CO rt ^ i -* i^ in -H tC r-. 00 03 to to rH 00 to 00 in 05 to ■^ S5 00 in ■<* < (N CO (N CI ■* s 1 •H '^ ^Jil sS e'S -^2 «ij »-» N^cg • ~ •'S ff • « B ?= =: s; ~-^- 5 s •« •'S •'S -^ w f^ ^ f^f^dllK^ c|c£;^aE^^E^acmc|^ -^ a -c t- a. o o O n h o > I' <= S '% ■§ S -5 S SO:5 53tf.iS5 ..9 .^ o bD 3 .2i -Si 3 h S R 'S * ' * S N CO J 3 rt .- d OEHMKOo1h:il>OH^EH M PL, u fi^ H o o o-fi, o S m ^; ^ o o ;? M 2 150 TABLES OF TEMPEEATURE. ■* O O Oi -+ 00 t-- (N CI 00 in i-< oi in 00 '^ W CO « w t^ CO CO in o 1^ o t-- 1 o — f 00 in 05 in in -^ -^ -t -* -rf coQomr— ipioiincom -^ Tif 'o to CO in m to to o o 03 3 -^ ^ I— I .— I l^ I CO CO O CO --^ i-i oi (^^ (M oi -t" ■ OjcomtO'tcocJi-^ S 05 00 o "" ~ " " ~ '; t^ 00 00 ^ r-i CO O to 05 CO in 00 CO I 00 (M r-i in CT CO QO TT -^ (M l-H ^ I I— I CO CO 1:0 in CO o» CO in t^ t^ 10 M" «^ en t^ to to i^ m ■^ c4 H H p4 h w h h ^ t4 p4 h p4 w w f^ w w h h p4 w h w h h w e4 ir» CO C>) C-I -* CO Cl c (MOt^i— io>) (i ei Q!) Ci Ci ■ S' 5=.e S^ 5= S^ 5^ 5^ 5» S^ a a ;i ei o) ei ;5 ej ^3 ej e) o tt; ^ §"•2 c3 w o '^ fac bc a •^!-t" 'C^ 'n^-^ ':3 •" . i -g .i^.-a g'^ .Si I .a h:1 CO cc P5 K S W Q t> TABLES OF TEMPERATURE. 151 .2 1 1 O o 3 3 times. 4, 2. Daily extremes. Red. 7,5. 9, 9. 7, 2, 9. Daily extremes. Daily extremes. 7, 2, 9. 7, 2, 9. 7, 2, 9. 7, 2, 9. 7, 2, 9. 7, 2, 9. 7, 2, 9. 7, 2, 9. 7, 2, 9. Red. Red. 7, 2, 9. 7, 2, 9. 7, 2, 9. Sunrise, 2 J, sunset.' G, U, 9. 7, 2, 9. 8, 2, 11. 8,3, 10. No. of Years' Obs. O Li CO '-0 CO 05 OO t^ U'S 5>1 -H O i-H r^ C>1 00 l^ -If •--: o '^ oi CO -- CI O CI o o •-H CI CO to C3cocoi-H-(<03m(?jco'omco.-i»no3Tjn CI i^ CI o •* o o o o t^ Tjl rt O to Tf co^cococococococococooocooicocooo CO ■* Ci rf «2 CO CO CI CO eo eo --I r-i >n o t^ CO CO CO CO CO CO ^4 O O O M GO CO -f -M OO t-. t^ 00 00 r^ T1 -+ ^ in c o -t t^ o o -o oi ■* CO en 00 !M o CO CI r^ CI o o 00 -tf — 'O O CO LI Ci O t^ CI r^ "O O -H CO ^ ^ oOOOC00005r-<-tUO;D-l'COt^eO(M^OO-.0 cococococo^cococo-*coco-*co-tcoco 00 CO -f CO ^ CO CO CO CO "^ oo to in 00 'f r.H CO eo CO CO CO ■* 1^ OOSOOO^QOOOCOr^OCO^I^OOCOOO'-OCl^tOtOOOCriCOCO r-it^OOtOClTfoCOCOi-iOOOOO-HC^^OO-Hr-cOOt^OOCO-OOSO 0nsO'OT*-f-^oc30L'5--i^o CO O -O O 03 00 to -O t» t- O -t O !0 o ^> o i.O -O O lO -o O «^ -)" -O CO eo 00 o CO o to t~ 1-- 00 CT) 00 r- oOTO— iC3'OOOOCncOr^-0 000-1<0!Z)t^ t-, -o -o o t^ -r TI< T)i -* rti C5 to CO to rt — < •* •* ^ t in >o g g 3 ---i ^ ■^< -H m en CO o f CI to O 05 -I" oOOrHO'1'-fu'5 0-i'-) CI CI O f-H -t -o to -o ;d to C5 -< eo -t t^ oi to to to to to to to a, ■J. t^-*;or-.i^»no(3»o.--cooo(Noo-^>n Ort-*inc0OCT>C0!NO0>r.Hi^P-4«lC0t^ •* to -^i '^ to to -* CO 1< CO eo r>. t^ d 00 O CO ■* in r^ to to 3-t<00»OOI^t-.CIC?>iMrt<-+-OCOCOO^-1< o to to ■* t^ ■* •* ■* ^ ■* 05 to 00 o o ^ ■*■*-* in in in c CI — o» -*• -f C3 CI -t> 00 "O r^ ^ O) -t « CO -c -^ O O O O ;o O -* ^ CO -O O C5 O t- ^ CO cc CI t~ 00 to t- CO --< r-< Cl -f t^ O O CO o r^ 1^ m O CO cs o-^oinooit^cncocooomooo-^oaioooo^ot^ COC0COCO(NINCieO o cr. o -)< n m lo ■'f C5 -o ci o — < -* 00 j~ •OOOO— 'COw — -t^-O-fOO-l" Ocot^Oi>^ocooooo"na5^'-o>nrHco COMC-3«-S<-t '^ 00 o ooto^cor^i^ooostoc-jomooo ■O Oi CO -^ O >.T CO to o o CO CO O t^ f— " C5 o o 1 cooooito'Nmotoco— "000000 05mCTir^T)< c0'i'»^0-*xnoo t^aiI^tDCMWt^(M1^0005CTJiO OCiOOr^t^ OC01~»O(M(Nto ocoint^r)nQOa3CMr-OOQOOO-HO(M-*CO ! [jq H H a w p4 w ^ H w a w H H ^ K w h p4 e4 w a a w y w a c4 ^^^2:^^^^:z;^^^^;z^^^^^^^;5:5^^;^^l2; SS5S535j>S3gS.2ss3g.53S3S5g~ * S a i 1-3 o> ;^ u CI CI CI CI CI CI ^H jM Cl Cl a Cl Cl ^1 .M a a Cl t-T t-r t-T t-T I-^ t~^ j-T 00 to <»>* 00 I>^ r-T t-^ 3 t^ r-^ r-Tr-^ t^ r-^ Q r-^ 3 3 CO CC »-' 111 CO CI ^ 1^ 00 CO o Cl Cl »- to o CO r>. Cl o c^ d to Cl in Cl CI CO ^^ " in '^ CO •* o in in Mt^ooinoi^coo o CO Oi ^ a> oo 1^ o CO in i^ in Cl o tc in o o «o CO in '-' ^ '-' CI to o* ■* 1^ —I to 00 05 t^ ■* o CO d in o t^ CO CO r- en -f « 'f o tT Cl t^ Cl o 00 in t^ OT K a ooo CO to o ■^ o to o 1.0 in -* 00 o Cl oo ^ <-> to to ^ to ■^ 1^ rh r^ .-> CO in CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO to CO d ■* ■>f CO CO CO CO CO CO Cl CO ■* CO CO o m to r^ CI to -t 00 00 ^ oo 05 r^ 05 m CO to ^ to ^^ r^ on CO Tf CO 05 o oo u to 00 o ^ »^ m 00 '-' '^ ~ to o ^ '-i 1^ C5 m o Cl Cl -* CO -t CO 1^ o 00 to OJ = 00 to t^ -f to iC ■* ^ I" tf ■* ■* -* o Tf ■* Tt< ■* «T Tf in ^ •* ■* "^f •* ■* ■^ Tf in ■* •t in in o -f CO if: -^ ^ .^ on 05 r^ 05 in r^ oo Cl on r^ on -f w o CO Cl CO o to s CC CI to t^ to a> Cl CO t^ li: 05 to to CO to '^ o C! ^ — 00 05 CO o i^ 00 3 oo r^ r^ -t cr, cr m to to on 05 r^ CO en Cl to CO ro 05 to to „ 1^ OS Cl 1^ o CO r- s s ^ to to '-' o 05 to CO ir: '-' T)< to to -* ^ l^ 05 OJ tC t^ 00 Cl 00 d o t^ CO CO on _< p-i ^ to Cl CO -^ CO Cl Cl in CO _< ■^ CO O ■* '^ 'f ■^< r^ d to to ■o to to o to to to to to to to to t^ to to «> to to to to to to to to to to to to to CD CI o CI ^_^ to T*< •^ in r^ Cl CO CO ^ -f CO ^^ ,^ m ^^ 00 CO ^^ CO -1 ^^ 05 o to CI o "* to 05 05 05 o 05 -* 00 Ti< m 00 to o> r^ -* o o to o o to t^ t^ ■* to o o ^ r^ CO m 1^ 00 r- on If CO oo 00 to C5 r^ to o CO — , ^ r/2 ■* •«1' ^ ^ tC •* in in ■* Tj- Tf T(< CO ■^ •* ■* ■* ■^ -* -"f •<1< ■* T*< in •* ■* in in C5 CO CI o to ^ 05 -t o .-, -f t^ to t^ CO Cl f^ -f ^ m 1^ m 1^ CO o on ^^ a ■* -* CO o r~ 00 r^ Cl t^ Cl to to -* CO 00 ^ -* Cl 05 Cl Cl Cl t^ in in in a o 'M o o» m o ^ o ^ CO o -f o> to Cl ^ t^ in ^ ^ _ c^ Cl Cl r^ 00 t^ ^ & CO CI CI CI CO CO CO Tf n CO CO Cl CO •* Cl Cl CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO d CO CO »- St. a- s> ;> >sa- a> a- a~ a. a> ^s^a^ia- s> 55. >■ a- !S ^ B M « ?< ^ w •^ *^ « 3 B 7- « « s s « r-i w ?! S n -• *; a ? g s 5 S S ~ a to g -^ S t»i S 5 s S « w s~ « ^^ ^^i^CiCicBcBt^CiOf^Oc^O^CitqQBci^iCiCiCiCtjOf^t^O 0) > 'in >-, * • ^ fl r3 C3 • o -a a • • • • ^ • a . d bfl 0) in fN o 00 00 ' CO CO CO oi c*» O C t^ C» t^ CO 1 CO CO (N CO (M (M -f 00 ^ (M (M 't (N >>» (M CO CO (M ( ' -1 O . r-H CO o »n 05 CO CO ■ in CM ^ - I--. 00 (N CO ' Tf (M 05 O rt 00 CO in CO lO CO O t^ ^ moo»noo^'M'to>)Oco£Nt^cocot— "nocooocooocoi-t^ 0(M(N 1— i»o I— icomcoco-* ■<*(N^cOi-ccoin<>)co>nio-*Tr''^ ° — t^co — coasoo»05-^oo»-*.-iooooo5i^05moco5ooi>/5co(Moo ^ p-^ ^ C»l Gsj OI Ol C*l CC CO CO CO CO "^ ^ ^ -t »0 lO o Tf ^ ^t" ^ ^ Tt^ 'i* ^ "t* '^ "^ '^ "^ "t* ^ "^ ^ "^ "^ ^ '^ '^ "^ '^ "^ ^ ^V "^ i St, =>. 5>. is ; ^ ^ G t! eaggcegaggS 'ess 5 jO '^ C3 p ^ - Qj ^ Cj ^ Qi ■ ? ^ ^ '^ *'^ .a O c True noon. Sunrise, 2 — 3. Sunrise, 2 — 3. Daily extremes. 9, 12, 3, red. 7, 2, 9. 7, 2, 9. 7, 2, 9. 7, 2, 9. Eed. 3 times. Eed. 7, 2, 9. Sunrise, 2 — 3. Daily extremes. 9, 2i, 9. 7, 2, 9. 7, 2, 9. Sunrise, 2 — 3. Sunrise, 2 — 3. Sunrise, 2—3. 10, 4. Sunrise, 2 — 3. 7, 2, 9. 7, 2, 9. Sunrise, 2—3. Sunrise, 2—3. Sunrise, 2—3. Sunrise, 2 — 3. (Mccococ^»nm-#r-.f-aiO'ocOf-aiC3i-iC5ir3000t£J05TtnC5r-(OOOJOO'1nlOoo^^a50-lt~.m-*c<3commtO(Meoo350>05-*cn cOrtO-*r^-*t-0>ncot^inoi.oo-*»^-*rt»n^aooc30'nooo o^CT>oOi-icom(MO(Mc^i-iir:-f-tt^i^»r;ci(Mci50Tji-tit^rtr-cOM a en 0500'a3ij5Tt^i^rtTfcoooo!Mtoocoeocci ooo(N— it^0350Ti<,-Hi^;o«Dootoo5(Mooo-tnojin c 00000005«r!QOt^'-i!MCO«DC>li-no50itootO(>iCTi5o oommoiCi.--icsoot^^t^rl«C0CO(MC>JcOC^ 2 -S ilF-lifliil^iliill-rfiJi 156 TABLES OF TEMPERATDRE. 00 O O 05 -f 00 CO o 00 -M t^ C5 CO o> CO (M o in oi T)< 00 en as <^ o «3 -f !M oi oi 00 -* 1^ --; 5; « COCOCO?l-^'?lCOC0-f'J' -i'C0CO-M;M'MC0TfC0r0C0Ol?)(M'»e0'NCO "M CO CI m i^ •* 00 O 'M O 1 »r: *i7 o o »n 05 O 00 't (M O O 00 00 — ' 00 — < 1= 00 C5 ■* ^ o CO o to CI o O o CO CI o ■* cn o o CO 00 1?) o o CO 05 5 en CO o CO o CO »f3 t^ ° ?2 J2 r^ p ■o CJ 7j CI «5 o '-0 -o 00 u-5 CD s CO ■o to ■o ■o 00 CO 5C CO to CO CO co o -jO CO o 00 CO CI in O o o 1^ 00 o o CO CJ 30 00 c:i 00 CO ? CI CO o ao C5 uo 'o i o »n CO o -tooo-l'OCJ>r-i-^'M:r O O) CO t^ CO Cl CO —1 00 CO I-~ O -- CO < t ic o o m i t^ r^ ^ ^ ■^ "^ "^ ■^ CO c t^ t^ CI in »n 00 CO oo 03 CO CO CO o in in CO O CO 00 -H -* cr:-fa^incoo»mt--t^o COCOCOCOCOIMtJicOCOCO CO O ^ O ' 00 O CO t^ I CO 0? ?? CI ' rC ■* CO CO O 00 i ^ ^ Tj> CO -^" CI —i CI (M O &. • J^ o ■* CO ^ t^ I-- .— l-H d -* CI lO O CO CO ■* -- CO • in — CO CI CO in ^ CI CO CO 1 t^ CO ■* CO I 00 S5 ^ CI m CO 1-1 00 00 in CI CO r- p4 w a a H a H H ^ ^ ^ w ^ a a a* a ^ a a" a a a a" ^ a a a ^micoci CI ----)> CI coooci 1^-1" CI oocooO"J-ooo cOr- 4) o o o f£;e!;:c^a:i!^eia^^!o!oe!fi-. = -ii r:) . . . . aSc2^-3=C'3'=ON 2 ° ^ 3 ^ .fcc-^ i: g .t; jpp-» s ■r 3 J= ^ 3 o O en £ '5 r" O M HMa «2 TABLES OF TEMPERATURE. 157 c 5 9, 9. 7, 1, 9. G^, 2, 9^. Sunrise, 2 — 3. Sunrise, 2 — 3. 7, 12, 2,9, and G, 2, 10. 8, 12, 3, 10. Sunrise, 2 — 3. 8, 2, red. Daily extremes. Daily extremes. Sunrise, 2—3. Sunrise, 2 — 3. Sunrise, 2 — 3. Morning, 12, evening. Daily extremes. Sunrise, 2 — 3. 7, 2, 9. Sunrise, 2 — 3. Sunrise, 2—3. 12. 8, 8. Daily extremes. Sunrise, 2—3. Sunrise, 2—3. Sunrise, 2—3. = '22 ^ 1^ «00I^r-.^O-fd— 00'-iO>-TC>CO-*OCIOt^WMOC10CIO>00 „rtCIrtC« CI— ^rt -H .^^ 00t^Cir^00t^O-f00OOt^"O-*CIOO"#0000— laSCIl^O — «ooo cot^'nocioociooo-*05C5;oo«oo'5'-*^coOT)io5jO'-io>r^oo 521 »n— "cococio^oooooor^ooco^'oicoocjcit^— <-H05omQoo t^OC0t^C0OOOtC5t^';D^O-*OCCC»O'-i'MCl-,D — >-oO'-H ocococO'«l'-*TiT)n-j:C5Tj.T»<05Ci — toco oO — ID ooi^-,o 00 CI o^ooint^cococociC500Tti--oo-H — Tj-LT CO ■o-o:om>ntotocoiio5oo;o'0-o-0!so>oo«0i2005c«3;oou3 ciooo5-*omcoco — ciooocotood'^t^ocoOaDOOOi^^i^ »n«^03i-noO'S''!fcocim05cot^c» oooscoocoot^— ''na>03C3»05Cim-i.«:.jc>c: **fcO "S « .s ^ . . ;^i'ri oos 322 '^ .5 '::^ -t-S =;o2 ^^^a-ng:^ cs cu M ,5r^ S2tD32:ss3SS'^3o-.2o35.o'5oo'S"S ,JP3-jJhSoa.WPHl5&H&.Owfc!SOUHNiKcoHOccEHP^hJ!» 158 TABLES OF TEMPERATUKK. G O 1^ (^ ^ 05 « >f3 ert (U O (4-1 »o O CS CO (M C) i-H rH Tt --Jl « IM T f CO W CO «_ • ■* o o -* CO 00 CO >-l lO ■^ I— I OO CO i— I 05 r>- r^ "O . O 05 O !"-• 00 (M lO cr> cn CT> CO t^ CO CI <>» O ^ O t^ ^ CM -t — 1 ;o 00 I 00 Ol CO O CM ' lO 1— I t~. -^ -^ t--. :0 O CO ^ <^ -^ -C CO (M t^ tr> to tc o CO IT.. C>) CO O tr> 05 (^^ o 05 CD O O 35 CO O -f O «D O l^ CO — 35 05 i-i CO O i 1^ CO O 00 -* CD < r?0O t^ CO ' 1— I .— I ira CO '-D ^ CO o in 00 CD CO t^ -(. -f in o c>) CO CO CD CO -*(M(?icoi:^oocooincocot^oc»i^^coc-)ir)oOf— ^r^-*r-oeoo>ncoi-i ^' ;2^ ^ ^' ^ ^' ^' ^' ^" ^' ^' i^' ^ ^ ^' 15* ^' 15 ^' fe' ^' ^* ;^' ^' ^' iz- i2i ^ oooooooo ^ CU CU 's'i I 2 ^ .~ .§ S .§ 2 2 2 i' e S^ S^ ^ a3 B TABLES OF TEMPERATURE. 159 "It? Oi QJ O OJ O) s s a a> a> (D ■0) 50 >^ X X . „ „ , o f 1) CO (u o . ^' " rt '3 '3 ^ -S 3 ^< § ' o-s s 2;>: = i-iCT>-iic)O«00CTi00C5-*0>OOTiiC0 Oi-il^OOOCrJO-— ( (M I~ (M ■* Ot^tOO^OIOOO^OCOOOCMl CO O i^ to r^ ir^ ' i m o -H* lo o o -* Tt m CO 00 ■* to 00 to CO CO tM in to (M CO — 'f ) Tf (M in CM 0-) CO i-< o^,_^(MTfcoco-*rtOtoai- ,. CT ■* to 00 CM 0-) CO i-< Ol 00 IM .-H I^ O CO t-i cn ■* o o ■-ii-ir-iCM(NC0C005r-(C0Tf00CTiOC0'tint^(?i05O rt i-i I— i-H 1-1 CM OI IM C>) CI CM IM CO . o o (^^ in to 00 . CO CO CO CO « CO »oin>o>ninin»nminininininininininminin»n minmininm ?^; sn.S's a^=^=»5« S^JJ H §§Se.s5B.«3S5lS3 (^ (i Ki K; cq Oi e; O cs? O es a^ CD e; 05 s^! g c g ta S 41 ^"W ,t"-^ tj f^ E^ ^ a: ^2 ^ 05 . O) W |0 "a ^> CO ,o •H pD B^ 5 .5 ti -^ o o o ^ .2 ' g ^i^• SSjg.SPgf'S .^.a 2 . g . =5w -•- t= c ■g tx) -s >i C to c o •.-=•-, n cs c a/ ■S « ="'H ;;'cs ^ -r: -2 3; rt •- J3 :o c o a TABLES OF TEMPERATURE. 161 S (m" a CO 00 t/2 Q CO . ■*" tl to >; O CO oT o to in in o in to o to o 0-1 CO Ol m CI to o CO CI in t^ in I^ O Cl 05 05 o o C5 CO 00 05 00 "* — 05 in in O o o CO m CO CO CO -*< ■^ CO CI o in CI o m -t CO in to r^ CO Cl 05 -t CO ^ 00 Cl Cl -f 00 -* 1 CO CO (M 00 •>t to C'l 00 o> (M CO to (M o C5 in m o m o CO 1^ ^ Cl 05 o o 00 o 05 r-H CO CO CO 00 05 Cl 00 CO m 05 Cl o o 05 Tj< o CO in ■* OS O t^ o in CO in in c in 05 in in 05 CO in OS in "* in CO — CO in in in ^ 00 O 05 05 ^ rt< in 00 CO ^; « r-c to to to t^ O in m 00 to in in o to CO o CO o 05 -f CO Cl o 00 O r^ in to -*< 00 to T* o 00 C5 Cl o m Cl r- ■^ c to in C5 to in ■* 05 in 00 in in in to o to 00 in 00 in 00 in 00 to in in m t- o •* to 00 in 05 00 in in to in Cl •* in in 00 in in in til < 00 00 m 00 00 in t^ to o (M in CO in CO to o to 00 in to cr5 Cl in ^ 00 r^ in to o 00 Cl 00 n< 00 t- C5 t- Cl in o 1^ -V o to to o to to in to Tf in to CJ to ■o CO to oo CO to to CI to CI to CO Cl ■* to to to C5 in in to 05 to to to to CO — to to t- o in to ;A c o oo to O CI CO CO in CI CI to ^ CO -* CO CO in CO t^ O CO 00 to to 00 m -t 00 CO Cl CO ■* 00 CO in m o o o CO o 3 >-> o 00 to in to to o o to in to to to CO CO to CO to to in to to CO CO to to CO 00 -*■ in to CO Cl CO 00 in to CO CO to t^ CO to to Cl in CO to i C5 CO t^ O CO o CO in o o in to 05 05 in in o CI in 00 CO "^ o o O 05 in 00 to 00 05 Cl -tc in CO to CO t^ o n CO CO GO OO CO to o in o ■* 3 1-5 o CO 00 in in 1-- to Tf to OS in O to 05 in CO CO to CI to CI to to to CO o to to - O Cl to to Ol O CO in to CO o CO 00 — 1 to to in to O •* iM «^ CI l^ «0 s CO • • CO • ; • to • ; • ; _• • CO . CO 05 CO Cl • • to o in Cl o • Cl . CO 05 O CO -H WH^HK^HHW^WKW^HHHHHWWWH^'w^'^'^' o tf in m oo cTi ■-1 inininininininininin . .6 S-e-^ S^.b-^ 5^ '^' ' ~ "^ "Ts "e 2^ e ■; c?^^~ C; ' •R5 te; I ^ to g< fee's s 2 - S ^= P ' > -^ j; c a ^ to " '- Q 2 a -5 ^ = 3 .. . _. ^ n ^i; -i CO >^ O Oi C^ ^ ?! r-H X -- to X o: CO . CO C; I') CO i?J r- ^ in en ■* X CO O (N (N < 05 t^ CO Th cr> -# o i^ CO I^ Tt (TJ (N (?» ■-r: 1^ O tn o i~ — --3 X r^ (M rj -* (M o o o ir; Ci O C5 o -* t^ ?J CO to c^ o to in a> CO CO — m m to r^ CO — pH C5 m !M CO o -t m o rH CO ^ O in -^ -o o ^ CO -^ C>l — — ■ « t^ Ci O "* ■* !M CJ OJ CO X •ri X CO to CO (Tl O -f (Tl CJ CO 'd" — X !N X Ci ^ to CO (M ?> X X tC r- 1^ o CO CI m (?» s-i CO O 'M -)< ^ X to ^ oi ^ ^ n tn C2 in in -* o to CO CO m 1 ?J to t^ C5 to X CO •* to m i^ o> cy» t^ ^ to X -^ X ^ O O O 00 lo tr 'T Ci CO 1-1 Ci Cl X ^ CO O T}< Tf -t r- 'M o rf in m X -- c:5 X -f Tt< Tf Tl< C5 CI ;T-. C5 35 -* CO T)> Tl< ^ X X O C5 X O Tf -:)• Tt Tt T)< O s 3 < crs -t CO tr. 1- o to oi --o o r^ in O ■'t CT> CO -< (M J'l CO 'N X (N Cq to in -+ O ^ m CT> •* -* t^ -M O rM CO <- CI C CO CO OS CO -+ (M O (M io to in «^ c^ cj tn o la -rr ia O »^ O ^ O CT> in CO in in in Tji to CO -^ ■5)< in in •* in m-^Tfincommo 05 X O X X o •*■*■* tc ■>* in s s CO'Ot^OTj< ^ in o — 1 -f CO m t^ X o C: trs Ci CO O 05 (M — X to — o o 'i' m -- -* r^ X ^1 I- CO O (- rf 1^ Tt T)< Tf tn C-1 O t^ 1^ X 't CO m -* ■* -f X — o Tj< in -t X r-< rt< in to I- CO ■ m o Ci X CO CO --< to O Ci C: C-. CO -t ^» (N -*• X — to in to ^; — — ' O CO ^ r^ t^ CS to to CO m -M X Tr X -^ •* O C5 1^ O !N O 'S t^ t^ CO l^^ CO iri i^ c r^ m -*• CO --■ ■* W CO CO CO X X m CO CO CO -+ to -t -* CO n oi in o o 'o to CO CO CO CO .-1 to m t^ X CD CO CO ^ CO CO CO g^ g^ s» g^ S- « -^ 5=-* • 'O •H ~S "2 ■i3- • • . . ^ . fcc <2 it II ^ a b .s|||^3 t; a B U3 t- cfl VOL. IV. 164 TABLES OF TEMPERATURE. ^ .. ^ ^ B ^- c r^ ^ =• Q 00 .-■ 00 05 r^ t^ (M CO m s>) mcot^cor^ cnco co OCOrttOCOO'-tMl^tT!-* " to C5 00 CO CI to CO in CO CO 00 -* in -- •* Oi ^ in CO CO in 00 •<*< -* CO CO O 1^; I^ CO ^ (M CO Tji in oi in ■* r-. in CO (N — 1 t^ 00 in ^ Tfi a r-lOOCOC^)005CT505Clini^ ♦ Oi CO CO in in ■* t- 00 CO 00 r^ 00 05 CO CO 05 CO rt CO CO CO ^ Tt< ^ ■* CO CI t^ 00 in (^^ CO CO in Ot^to — Ti< i—t^ CO in (>j CO m m 01 05 • «~ CO ^ CO 0^ CO p-i to r^ CO to r—i CO J^ 0^0 m in OT CO 1^ CO rh in ^ CO in ocnt^--^OOcooocn(r5 m -^ T*< m in in in Tf> Tf -f 32 to Tt< ■* CO >* (^ t^ -^ -* ^ in 00 -tf in ■5. CO in r^ 05 t^ t^ CO CO in CD tJ5 (N in 00 CO rf CO t^ r^ m in in «^ 1^ CO 00 CO COCO^Tfl Tj> 1^ a t- CO —c ^ 00 in r^ t->. i— > CO in -^ ^Orfiinr- -*co Tfin t- •* •* 00 (?» CO CO to (Tl I>I r- CO 00 i^ CO CO r^ 05 CO 0> CO in Tfi to CO in t^ -* i^ "- CO CO CO CO CO OC0T))cococoinco)l^O00-* in CO 00 CO 1^ o\ 01 ■* t^ CO Tj" 1^ CI 01 ■* CO CO t^ 00 t^ CO 00 ■* Tf< ■* CO -+ t^in- -*• rt 1^ 5< ■* 10 s CO -f (M (M in r^ ^ cc ao ti ox CO r-H to r-< (M (?J t~ CO CO t- CO in -H -< 05 --H J- ClO^T)<(MC0CJ<7l-*t^^C0 00 ■* — ^ in m in c 00 ■* CO CO (M r^ m Tj" CO CO CO -* O-^t^i><(M0iC0t^T)< Tfcocico-fcocococococo^ 00 CO rt CO o\ 1 00 CO (^ 05 ^ CO (M Tt< t^ o> CO j in QX oj m — < m in co )(Mcococococoeocoin in i 2 CO (M 1 CO CO in CD CO C'l ■* CO CO CO CI 3 i . . • • • • . . . • in ' • — CO in c 3 H a H p4 K fd ^ ^ H H W ^' ^' ^' H H ^ e4 ^' ^" H ^ ^' ^ W ^ ^ W *r^cT)CTr-HOt^i-''-icoocoo5-*-*tooo-+-+ooot^r~-oowcoooin [M-*-*coco<>«i— ''-1^ in^i— iinin(Minin(7)»^.-i-*Tj<-*(M) (M M CO CO CO CO CO CO !M CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 0; CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO m m m m m in li m m m in m m ^ ^ ^ ^ J?; ^ ^ 12; Z cr5-*t~coooo5iMi^o» CO in in rt — ( r-< C0OC0'*-fT(<-t"-*-.^' mminoininininin 3 5 5 s i .2 "S ty ^ «U ^0 'y 7^ 'U ej 05 ci c^ (i CO ►^ fcC ..... . -g c 53 § -s-^ ; .:; 0) ;- rt g J; -^ M W ;i; ^ »:q M Q S-,5^:^tD + (M I- ?) ^ a, t, o a^ "" >. 00 ".^»^r ^.-irr^-ti • *"* '^ • ?> =■••3 - o o SQ-o-cTQP:; .•^ r-C'lOCOClOt^OOOtOu'^Ot^aDCCCCCO C0rj<,-.l^00Tf35C0 s a 0C5C0r-icO«OOO>Cir~O'-'0000(^(M00« CMWroWW |-*COC0(NW-*«C0C0COC0C0 2^ 5= 5^~ 5^ 53SsS.H"2 .53 *»; ^ ^1^^ ^-<: ^»-H =t^ 5r^ ;ar^ « ^ ?; =>: !^ 5" ^ "^ >i . . S'-^S , .s s . . Si . Jin , a . bX) .^ to r, V o 11 "^ „ ^ .g S !- ^ ^ , S « :3 ^ f£ s a ^ «^ Sf': N 2 s;5 166 TABLKS OF TEMPEEATURE. o S ^« o o rt o CO e*-! o O <-l ^ f3 ^ t^ o ert (N $1 CJ Ph F, ■V rl H hJ c ci O O (M 05 Tl< O l^ O Oi O) C) ■* CI 1^ — 00 t^ in 1^3 r*< 00 ^ o> o O 00 (N J- O t^ r- O 05 — o o t^ — O -- i>) o t~ O to CO 00 ^ on CO -^1 Tf to t^ --1 t^ 05 05 O 1^ CO to to in •D eo CO ■* •* (M (M •* CO CO (>) CO CO Tj" CO •-' ^ CO CO CO -r eo CO in CO vo (N 00 00 in 00 O CO 1^ CO in in ~f to 00 CO CO CO en -t t^ to in > »o O 05 Cl CO to Cl to Tf o m o m in to in o in in in in in -* in in in m in -t> -t in m in in CO in in Tj< o o 00 «^ m tr> o in rt to in to o in m oi Cl 1^ 00 on Cl C5 1^ to Cl l^ Tt bo 00 cj to 00 00 t- t^ Cl O (N r- o in CTi in ^ 00 r^ ^ Cl r- CO 03 • o 05 Cl <) O Ol » in r? O (M CO to 05 Tf t^ in o CI 00 CI t t- Cl m ,-1 to CO t- • in oo d 3 O (N CO CT O -* ■* (N Oi 00 C>» CO CO i^ I-- m rf to Tj< ^ in 05 00 O 00 " o eo 04 o to m to to to to m in to to to in in in to to to to m m m to in to in t£> »n i^ CO in in CO 00 in Ol O o ,_H r^ in Cl 00 to CO o o CO Ol 05 Cl OS in to 0) ■* !N to ■* Tt o CO ■* to 00 00 t^ t- o 00 to CO CO CO in Cl o O m -* CO t^ CO 3 O 05 Oi to 00 CO CO i^ m in 00 o o •^ m to o Cl -- C5 CO i^ to to to m to CO o» lO m in in to to in m in in to to in in in to to to in in m m in in CO in in in . to »-- in (N o in 00 o O to rt t^ -f m 00 to in to on Cl ■* 1— < 1— • in CO to >^ Tf O ) ■* -# CI CO CO d ^ CI _J to in o in -r to -^ m Cl —1 t^ rC -1< •* Tf in Tt" Tf Tf •<*• '^ -i- CO ■* -* Tf -f -* CO ■* ^ ■* ■* Tf -*< CO ■* •* ■* --f o m to oo o m m in CO CI -f o to in o r-l CO 1^ to ,__, Cl o ■* 13 C5 C> 05 — to o ■^ to -* to C) CI 00 m CO Ol t^ t^ . J^ CO o 00 1^ o Cl O d S O p) m crs r-i m CO _ o C t-- CI •^ on t^ « -* to o to o o O 00 o — OS in s CO CO CO -+ -t CO CO ^ -t CO CO CO CO Tf CO Cl Cl CO -t rf Tf CO -)< T*l eo eo ^ 00 -t CO IM -O to o C-. ;o "^1 c^ CI ^ — O 30 Cl CO Cl Cl -t Cl t^ eo ■s era t^ O O Tt ,-1 C-. c; in o ci in 05 GO to in o — ^ o Cl Cl to l^ " o 00 CO Fb O CO O O Ci r-< r~ to t^ oo in in ■* in -t> 00 o to 00 C^ m 00 00 O in • 00 t^ Tjt (M CO Tf CO -* (M (M CO CO CO CI CO CO CO CO — < CO CO CO CO T)< CO CO CO r-t 00 in to t^ (M -* -* in 05 -* CI c^ to m t^ in CO on 00 00 C5 d Tt< 1-1 t^ c rf CO •* o in -* 05 — 1 rt CO 00 o eo CI ■n ■* Cl to 1^ CO O Cl * t^ j^ to o ^ r~ to CO o -< ^ CO to CI CI CO ■* CI CI o CO CO 00 -f to t^ -- -c • in in (ji c» (N CO CO -f CI s-) CO CO CO CI CO CO CO CI CO CO CO CO ^ CO •f CO -^ O C5 o Tf o o CO to Ci o Tf o o o • Tf • -co (M Tf • in • Tt< 1^ 00 Cl in • o to Cl • o r/) ^ fa • . (M . .to t^ CO . CO • o *— 1 CI (M . ^ r— i • CO d , Tt< . . '-' '- Ha^"^^'K s^^'hh'h ^^>'hhh^^^»'^>*^^'h be " -f -- OT CO 00 00 o -* 00 in in »n CI 00 r^ m on t^ T)< to to ^ O r- r~ CI to 1^ O in Tj< CO in — ) !M CO CO CO Tt< Tjl rf m •~' '-' CI CO -* 'f Tf in in in in in o d o^ -f -f -t •* -f -t Tf -f in m in m in in in in m in in in m in in tn to to eo l-O o m m o in m m in m m m in in in in in m in in in in in m in in in m 2- ^-.■^ ~s S^ "S -^ £~ S) « ^• S a> '3 • a c o o 55 i fills Es.|^=a r4 O pq a W h^ K O Q Q ^ TABLES OF TEMPEllATUEE. 167 t^ m u (-> •■^ >< o 1 0) ^ -lc< 00 o ■^o s -o S OJ a> si -o • -d r§ "S-a . "l* . 0) O cy o >§- (-.-r-rJ? ' TO cj a> ., ^ Q — — Z>.' 5^ s s 3 C? !M O Tt" en '.^ ^ m o CO to oi -O 00 O iC 00 CO I- in o l Tf r- in •* in c^ CO t^ t 1 o CO in CO o ■* (>) CO t^ 05 05 in 05 <-^ to 05 (>» -^jt TT t^ in to Ti< to to CO O -^ O t^ (N CO CO c3> — ■* CO t^ t^ CO •* cq C^ CO CO CO in CO CO (M CO CO 00 -- CO CO CO CO in to cn m 00 00 O in CO CO CO CO ■>* CO • to to CO CO CO r^ Braunsberg . Gernmnij Dantzic . . German i/ Keswick . Cumberland Whitehaven Cumberland Belfast . . Ireland Wilua . . . Poland Kiinigsberg . Germany Durham . . — Carlisle • Cumberland Apenrade . . Denmark Tilsit . . . Germany Slatust . . . Russia. Applegarth . Dumfries Leadhills . Lanarkshire Makerstoun Ituxburghsh. Copenhagen . Denmark Moscow . . Russia Kasan . . . Russia Glasgow . iMnarkshire Bonally Edinburghshire Colinton Edinburghshire Edinburgh Edinburghsh. Leith . Edinburghshire Hopetoun House Linlithg. Cape Horn . S. Amer. Carbeth . . Stiiiingsh. Dunfermline . Fifeshire Nijnii Novgorod Russia 168 TABLES OF TKMPERATURE. :3 •^ 03 (M O r-< t- O -^ CO r-1 in f— t^ Cl Tf in CI in o o o» Tjl CO r^ CO .-1 C^ OP UD CO ■* 1 IM CO ■* CO CO CO CO CO Cl CO rf r^ t^ t^ 05 ^ •* CO 0-1 (M CO in r- 1 CI (M Cl CO Cl CI Cl CO o rl OS o t^ in rM oi r-l o in o> •<* 00 OOr-tMin-fO'+Ol'f-t" — (MQOCO rHint^infMi-i-t't^cc>'^-*s>ico« t^ in (M 00 in 00 00 t^ o CO i^ m CO — 1 !0 •* CO ao in (N CO -* ^ CO ^ COCOOOOOOOOCI Tt\ 00 o o CO --< in CT> -O •^ :^ CO -* -* =o •rt< in CO CO ■* T)< CTicoi^'tinoocor^oo 00 CO CD -t CO T ^ •* ■* ■* -^ r-< CO CO ■* •* i-H Cl in ^1 -t Tf 1- CO 05 — O 00 O O XI tain'*>o^'ocoo5 rM 00 ^ J- 00 O in CO CM t- O) (>) in 00 (71 CO o "* CO -* CO m o CO CO (N CO ^ in -M t- ,-1 ,-1 r~ ^ CO o CO CO CO iO ^^ •n in o t^ to m •* in in in rf -f in m CO ^ CO -< --< t- CO M •* in Tf io in in m m lo in (N fM CI CO ^ in in in in in ^ r>l CM -t in in — O CO in in in o — CO ■* O 00 O C>1 05 00 CO t^ — ^ t^ TfOlCO^'tCOmrt-rM cooicDinooo-*oOTt< CO CT) (7) O O 00 05 •* 00 00 CO in CO t1< in CO CO Tj< CO rt Cl Cl o ts r^ CO 00 00 CO 1^ in tc in o to in OTOt^coin — ococo ininminmcocotoin Tf tc in o o m in in CD CO t^ O C5 in CO in r-< 00 O CO in CO "3 in c^ m o CO t^ ^ C0'*-*OC0'^Oi-i t^ CO 05 CO CD CO CO in t^ •-)<--inTt CO CT ^ Cl d 05 00 ■* O r- oOTi> CTJ 0> (M CO ooc>>t^incooocn(Mco in-^ininininincoin CO (N , 1 00 OJ O CO O CO 00 Th (M CO -H -1 -H oicoi— immmMcoo (MC»O>r-i00(N00J^C0 CO O t^ t^ CM CO O CO (M CO CO CO 0^ CO »^ Oi Cl Cl 00 in m 05 O — 1 t^ in -H CI ^ CO 05 CO 00 in CO -rC Tt< in.Tt< -tcOr-OOOtN-^-^OJ incoinm-^ininm-t CO CO 00 t» O ^ Ti" -*•-)< in CO r^ O rt< rf in oo in — 1 -t" -f in <5 CO CO O CO CO l^ CO o ^ CD IM CTJ — 00 CO r^t^incor^oo^in-r *n Oi CD in 05 t^ in -^ o 05 O t- t- CO c-» Tji t-- t^ CO (M cr> CO in o ^ 00 CO -)< ^ CO -J< Tjl CO 05 CO O O -V -^ o\ m ^ -f t^ 0> in (M C>) O CO ^■ — 1< -+(MTt<-*-t-H C^ Cl ^ Cl CO O O i O Cl CO 00 CO ^ O CO 05 O r-H —. CO ^ ^ ^ M a a ^ H ^ ^ ^ p£ K ^ W ^ ^ ^ ^ H E=i M H p4 E=^ H W ^^^;2;^^^^^;2;^;^^^;^^^^^^^^^^,^;;^;5^ 2 « c^ S i: :; o 1 O l~. o PH lO o in 00 I- CO -^ in rt F-l rt F-. (M =3 r^OcocO'XiCTiO'M-ft^^oo co<^^ot^rtoo>nol^^TJ■a3rt CD m ->) CO O 1^ o t^ -^ -^ l ^ CJ !M ^ cx) -- Ci CM n CD w 00 00 CO CO CO CO ^ CO (M s a r-C0COr-IC0>O— l.-tOO^— '>« rt I^ -* in «D o IfJ iMinrtCO-^OOCOCDt^tOOO CO-*OOf-COOCOt)<-hcOCO O CO C0tOCOQ0(MC3>-*OJOM--l)(MtOXC0(M(N'n(M)O00«O CO t^ CD O r~ i^ -*> 05 Tf m c r^ CO C-l 1— 1 (N O CD CO m .-^ CO 1— « IC CO 1 - -* CO CD O O GO CO t^ f-i Ti< ■* Ti< CO CO CO ri ■^ "^ ■^ "^ CO o O -^ 05 00 in •* CO •* -* CO CO -:f g 3 3 -11 -^t^C0C0OT(<05tD-Op-)<— < in>nocDOi^-*C5r-HA)i^r^ CO 0\ CO l^ O ifi o O in CO ^ 00 OJ Tt< -^ l^ C5 -f -M Ol >^ O Tf m in CO o in rM CT> tO'OCOOOCO-fOOOSiSt^-J'O Tiir«co-*^^co-*Ti>'i< 00 -o -^ tC ■* -* GO t^ CO t^ -rt< ■* •* -^ •* ^ o» CI o CO r~ oc CO d CO -* CD in o O o CO Cl "O 35 C5 C) -H ol CO -t '-0 CO CO ^Tf'^T'lCO-^'t-* CM -*'*'* CO 'C en "* Tt CO CO -* -t GO 't '^ -* CO O C5 t^ O t^ Tt* CI •>* CI CO Tf CO CO Tj< ^ CI t~comr,^i-i-*cotocor~Of^»nr-< lO'*CO»0 1^0Vl^05DCOm>-lO-*CO 00 in Tji ,-< T(i CO.1^ TjH O CI m CO 00 CO 00 oo 05 C5 r- f-H CO -^ CO CO COCOrfl (MCOCO COCOCO o in CO CI ox <%' CO ■* t »- CC Ol 'O C( O ^ O CD . a 00 CI CO ci CO 1 00 OJ o (M ox -f S^) o o T 1 r- -^ c-i CO 6) ox T> 1 Ol 1 ^ CO CO 2 M 1 1 1 1 . 00 CO in CO 5 ?l" CO 00 in in CO in -f o\ CO 00 CO in 00 00 00 00 OX in OS ^ -f CO V -^ -t (N CO 3; CO o -f • 5?; o -t CO CO ^ CO 1 00 ■7^ CO t^ ^M CO CO O) 00 o 1 '^ i? ox 2 (M in CO en 1 ox 1 oi 00 in ci 1 1 1 ^ o 00 a c^ o in CO CTS m in in m 05 — 1 -c en 00 CO in ^ ox CO !M (M l~ 00 CT5 t~ C5 O !M t^ :£ CO in CO '? oi 00 CO . o O 00 'M •» -* in -t" CO i; CO CO CO CO CO CO c» CO !M in CO CO CI CO -* — CO ox CO m 05 o CO r-< CO OX OX 2 -?, i ci 1 CI — 1 CO t7- «5 00 c*^ t^ H) 00 00 CO 00 00 t^ in in CO CO i ox CI 00 r- Tl -< c o ^ o c m CO 00 00 05 in o 00 !N Oi -H (M 00 -^ CO in t^ . o in '^^ o CO m 05 1^ 't CO in CO ■M 00 CO CO 2 CO -f" CO tr. in Ci -t CO o t^ O O Cl CO CO o t^ in in CO OS in Tf 00 ^ o o CO in •XI ■X CO 00 CO 00 in CO o CO CO — ' in T)< o CO in ci in m CO CO -+ m C5 in ^ CO r^ CO m -* CO CO 00 OJ CO 'N in CO CO -t in CO c 1-5 »n in 00 o 00 CO o » CO -* o t^ t^ in OO Ci m o 00 m ox o l^ Cl CO — in -* CO -^ CO m — ^ Cl ^ o -* in t^ cN i-i in o -H c) t^ o o >n 5 o in OO m o 00 m CO in in in 05 in m in CO m in m 00 CO CO ox rf 02 C) OS -K CI -t CO Tf CO CO CO t^ -t CO CO T)< CO CO CO 00 CO CO t- — r ^ CO 00 5>i m CM s o--oocoocoocj--t^oco-#iT>l-^oomcococoiocj5int^-tt^05J^co in-t'J<^-*CO-t-i<--t"in-t-*CO-fCOCO(MCOCOCNCO.-'.-i(M(M--.t-i-M Pi co-i"tN-- cof^Tfocoooco-tl.---t<C0OC000CO00 -*O0COO0-fr-O0iMCOO0COCO(MO0'Mr-^ (MtMICOl ^ 1 1 OOCl'MCOOO'-'lT'IOOCCOO Tfiro ^co-* Ot^cscOpj ci ■ c» o c-i -. O -t in CO 00 <7i O rf ^ r O CC r~ OI CO — I I I I CO ^ I- O O CO l^ a-. 00 Cl XI 00 — n'p'-'t^io'Tox'^oon'^ox'^ -?" CO CI in C5 p^ v-^fer ^W caw H^HwaHap4^pSaK^'^jsp4^H^'wHH[yi . . . ooco . lOr-'-^oocoomccin-fcoocO'— 'OmcocJ^-Ht^OTfOcoooo — CI T)t "* -^ m d CI 1—1 m CI CO CO rt -^ CO in ci -* ci ci in ti< 'mci mr-icni^cocioo— iciomcocooci — ocit^ooooi^oooo ci --< CI 1-1 —1 CI ~< CI CI in Tf CI CI OO d CI 00 CI o >n in CO in cci .-1 rt ^^5 ^^:2;^^l2;:s^^;^^^^:2;^Z?.^^^^^«&^^ o o o cnini-iooocooooociocii-ioor-'ooost^oooo^t^o co-# CO Clin r-(co r- — cocociinincoTjiin ^-^t OOCicicocoeoco-*TtTiC5cnooococO'*o cocococococococococococoococDcocococoi^r^r~t-~t^t^ao ;S5, 8 5 .St §~2-S ■^ -%"C s 3 ^r- s s 3 s -S ci O -^ rS ^-^ -S /3 ,j5 Tl 3 K J'l Tl ad" 3>1 CJ (N (?1 oct^ini-iS'ias-t -» 'M — r-i S'? ^ ^ S~l CM — ' " 01 — ' •— '- *~ >*^ *— w* *-• ^r j"< i*'» ^-^ s_^ -^ '^ »-* »*. VJ4 )— • uw VJ ^J"-/ *iw >^ *^ wrf *^» i^ WJ «rf I*'* TtTtcoTfT*— ic>5cow-*w«a'»co(M'— COIN n i-hc>) i-h f?) oo 00 CO t^ — -c •-0 c: m •,T ^ ;.-, -,~ t.-1 irj i.T — tn :n r-- ^ -M Ol O) ^, 05 ■* 00 "^ 'w « — I'l lO Tl -^ o 3-1 '-0 00 o CO -< 00 t^ CI (M CO (M 00 «^ o -t 'O -j; C5 c^ o CO o o m CO I^ C^ ^ -f t to r/1 't ^ CO liO CO lO ^, -5 in CO . Tj- CO CO CO -* n CO CO CO CO ■■ C) CO (M (M (M CO 1 '"' 1 1 Cl (^ 00 ^ oo 1^ in to t- 0> t^ 00 ■* CO OJ to r^ -f ■+ S>1 O '^ ^^ on O CT> m in CO o to CO to CO w !N »n CO •* 7* 7* ■* ■* to ■* 00 CO CO ■* t^ Oi ^- o CI o ■* 00 to t^ (N I — < CT) — i CO 05 O I ' 1 ^^ •? -2: cc- ^icf*i'^{^*^^i^fi^^"1^^3 c^ , , ' rn ^ c *f^ rt tD C o a a 3 ^ O h-i < '^ r^ ffi •-5 ■ ^ ■ S S S S r!-. CI ?; "o .-a ? o'5'S P^ St:j3S . t5 . CTS ;::: a fan ?cS;£^ 3 aboi tFr Iter fior ty t- .S ? ; a ^- , - ^ 'JZ :S -s a -^ H '^ a o o-S -j^ ci \ o ^rx"^ V V ^ 3 '^ o oza o ■•-■ ^::7- S ^ r:3 _o 172 TABLES OF TEMPEEATUEE. The exact relation which the mean, deduced from observations made at various hours, bears to the mean temperature of the twenty-four hours, is a desideratum for estimating comparatively the respective temperatures of any two places mentioned in the preceding table. Those marked Reduced and N. Y. have been corrected to tiie true mean ; and from this the mean deduced from the Daily Extremes differs very little. Besides these, the means of observations taken at certain liours mentioned below are also found to vary little from the true mean. An approxima- tion to within a degree of this will be sufficiently near for pur- poses relating to cultivation. The means of observations taken at — 6 A.M. and 6 p.m. arerage about | of a degree below the mean. 7 „ 7 „ „ ^ 8 ., 8 „ „ -J „ ,, " )j y jj >> To T> 5> 10 „ 10 ,, „ equal to the mean. 7 A.M., 2 P.M., and 9 p.m. are hours which have been adopted at a great number of places ; and these three daily observations aflbrd a mean averaging scarcely | a degree above the mean of the twenty-four hours. I may here remark, that with reference to cultivation, the observations from thermometers indicating the maximum and minimum daily temperatures are the most valuable. Although hours may be selected which will give, as in the above cases, the mean temperature, sufficiently near for all practical pur- poses, yet fuom registering maximum and minimum thermome- ters much more is obtained — the extremes are known, and from these tlie mean maximum, mean minimum, and consequently the average range of temperature, can be deduced. It is important for gardeners to know all these particulars ; and hence desirable that such instruments should be employed as will render it pos- sible for them to do so. REPOPiT FEOM THE COUNCIL ANNIVERSARY MEETING, MAY 1, 1849. The last Anniversary Meeting having authorized the Council to prepare for the approval of the Society a set of amended By-laws, various points have been taken into consideration during the autumn, and a careful examination has been instituted of the rules found to work advantageously in other public bodies of a similar nature to the Horticultural Society. On the 24th of October the Council finally approved of the alterations which had been made. On the 7th of November and 5th of December, 1848, the amended By-laws were laid before the Society and read a first and second time ; and at a Special General Meeting summoned for the purpose, on the 16th of January, 1849, all the formalities prescribed by the Charter having been observed, the old By-laws were repealed and the new By-laws were passed unanimously. The Council trust that the changes introduced will be found advantageous. They have been made with a view to obviate some practical difficulties which existed in working the former By-laws, to simplify the proceedings of the Society, and to pro- mote its prosperity, by rendering them more acceptable to the Fellows. Among the powers granted to the Council is that of creating a class of Associates with fewer privileges than Fellows, and paying consequently a smaller subscription. The expediency of establishing such a class Avill receive the most anxious con- sideration of the Council, and they are desirous of receiving any suggestions which those who advocate the plan may be willing to favour them with. Exhibitions. It is needless to remind the Society how unfavourable the summer of 1848 proved to Meetings in the open air. The sub- jects of exhibition were, with the exception of fruit, if possible 174 IIEI'OIIT OF Xllli COUNCIL, finer than any that had before been witnessed, proving that, up to the present time, English Horticulture continues to make steady progress. The Council have peculiar satisfaction in making this statement, because they feel tiiat the pre-eminence of Modern English Ganlening is, in a great degree, attributable to the encouragement it receives from the Fellows of the Society, not only in tlieir corporate capacity, but as private individuals. Tiie number of visitors experienced a material diminution, in consequence of llie unfavourable weather, wiiich was cold and unsettled in May, with a falling barometer, and in June became so decidedly bad, that the whole number of visitors on the 10th of that month was but 870. And although the Exhibition in July, when Ills Grace the President again added the attractions of Chiswick Gardens to those of the Society, was visited by the unprecedented number of 14,084 persons, even so large a con- course was insufficient to counterbalance the deficiency of May and June. In the whole 18,114 tickets were issued, which was 5803 fewer than in 1846, and 2959 fewer than in 1847. In this season only 259 more tickets Avere issued than were used. It being some years since any return of the comparative numbers of visitors on the three days of exhibition was published, the following statement on the subject is given, complete to 1848:— Date. Morning. Noon. is Wind. 2 o 1833. o Sat. May 25 Very fine. Very fine . 82 Little; S.W. 1,700 „ June 22 Fine . Cloudy . . 72 Brisk, S.W. 2,000 „ July 20 Fine . . . Cloudy . . 70 Little, W. 1,200 4,900 1834. Sat. May 10 Fine . Fine . 73 Little, S.W. 1,402 „ June 7 Very fine. Very fine . . 78 Little, S.E. 2,870 „ July 5 Overcast . . Very fine . . 81 Little, N.E. 3,076 „ Sept. 13 Fine . Very fine, . 68 Little, E. . 897 8,245 1835. Sat. May 9 Fine . . . Fine . . . 71 Brisk, S.W. 1,908 „ June 6 Fine . . . Fine . . . 81 Brisk, N.E. 5,362 „ July 4 Very fine . Very fine . . 78 Little, W. , 5,612 12,882 WAY 1, 1849. 175 2 o Date. Morning. Noon. 2a Wind. > 1836. Sat. May 14 Very fine . . Very fine . 72 Little, N.W. 3,480 „ June 11 Slight rai?i . Fine . . . 73 Brisk, S. . 7,764 „ July 9 Overcast . . Very fine . 79 Brisk, W. . 6,088 17,332 1837. Sat. May 13 Fine . . . Cloudy . . 58 Little, S. . 750 „ June 10 Cloudy . . Cloudy and fine. 68 Strong, S. . 8,785 TDES.July 11 Very fine. Very fine . . 76 Brisk, E. . 6,463 15,998 1838. Sat. May 26 Overcast . Fine . . . 64 Brisk, N.E. 2,966 „ June 16 Drhzl;/ . . Overcast, fine 76 Little, S. . 6,405 Wed. July 11 Very fine . Very fine . 80 Little, S.W. 6,546 15,917 1839. Sat. May 18 Very fine . Fine . . . 64 Brisk, S.W. 3.044 „ June 15 Slight haze . Slight haze . 63 Little. N.E. 8,789 „ July 6 Slight haze . Sultry . . 76 Little, S.W. 5,781 17,614 1840. Sat. May 16 Cloudy . . Hail, shower 1/ 65 Brisk, S.W. 2,471 „ June 13 Cloudy and fine. Cloudy and very fine. 77 Little, W. . 11,594 „ July 4 Very fine. Fine . . . 72 Brisk, W. . 5,072 19,137 1841. Sat. May 15 Fine . . . Very fine. 74 Little, W. . 5,600 „ June 12 Overcast, — slight rain. Overcast, and fine. 53 Little, N.E. 8,975 „ July 10 Very fine . . Very fine. . 71 Little, S.W. 7,194 21,769 1842. Sat. May 14 Slight haze . Exceedingly fine. Sultry, hot. 72 Little, W. . 5,369 „ June 11 Very fine . . 89 Little, N.E. 13,351 and dry. July 9 Overcast . Cloudy and fine, slight 72 Brisk, W. . 3,445 rain in af- 22,16.') ternoon. 176 REPOET OF THE COUNCIL, Date. Morning. Noon. Is Wind. i. 184.3. Sat. May 13 Overcast, with cold haze. Fine, with light clouds. 66 Little, W. . 4,654 „ June 17 Clear early ; overcast. Very fine, with light clouds. 75 Brisk, N.E. 10,862 Wed. July 12 Hazy . . . Lightly over- cast but 77 Little, N.W. 7,373 very fine. 22,889 1844. Sat. May 18 Slight frost, with cold N.E. wind. Boisterous, with slight showers. 54 Strong, N.E. 4,203 „ June 15 Very fine . Very fine . . 78 Brisk, W. . 13,3.34 „ July 13 Very fine. Jictin . 71 Brisk, S.W. 4,052 Wed. July 31 Cloudy, with lirislf "Wind Cloudy and 72 Brisk, W. . 2,267 UiloJV WILIVI. 23,856 1845. Sat. May 24 Hazy clouds . Cloudy . . 61 Little, W. . 3,481 „ June 21 Very fine, with light clouds. Exceedingly fine. 80 Little, E. . 12,310 „ July 12 Fine . Fine, partially clouded. 64 Brisk, N.W. 5,966 21,757 1846. Sat. May 9 Fine . . . Very fine . 72 Brisk, S.W. 4,8.58 „ June 13 Fine . . . Hot and dry . 86 Brisk, N.E. 13,421 » July 11 Partially overcast. Very fine, with light clouds. 73 Little, W. . 6,083 24,362 1847. Sat. May 8 Ha ill . Shou-erij . 60 Brisk, S. . 1,644 „ June 19 Light clouds . Cloudy and fine. Fine . . . 72 Little, N.W. 10,940 „ July 17 Thunder, 72 Little, E. . 6,827 lightning. and heavi/ 19,411 rain. 1848. Sat. May 20 Slioiveri) . Cloudy . . 69 Brisk, N.W. 3,238 „ June 10 Kaiii . Heavy rain , 63 Little, S.W. 870 Wed. July 12 Very fine. . Very fine. 81 Little, E. . 14,084 18,192 *^* The numbers given are in all cases exclusive of supernumeraries. MAY 1. 1849. 177 As it has been found that, notwithstanding the higher encou- ragement given by the Society to tlie exhibitions of fruit, the specimens produced are by no means equal in merit to those of flowers, it has appeared to tlie Council no longer advisable to offer large prizes for fruit in May and June ; and it has, there- fore, been determined, without excluding fruit in these months, to confine the competition to July, when the season offers greater facilities for exhibition. On that occasion, moreover, the usual prizes are augmented by three, of the respective values of 15/., 10/., and 5/., to be given to the three best collections of fruit. It is to be hoped that the result of this measure will be to render the fruit more worthy of the higli character wliich belongs to English gardening. At the same time some other alterations have been made in the prizes offered for flowering plants, with a view to secure a better distribution of them. Tliese changes will, it is expected, produce some diminution of the heavy ex- penses attending the exhibitions ; but, on the other hand, the account for 1849 will be chargeable with above 300/. for the purchase of new tents, to replace old ones wliich have been ruined by bad weather, or otherwise worn out. The actual cost incurred by the Society in this part of its expenditure was 2579/. 4^. Id., as detailed in the following com- parative account : — 178 REPOET OF THE COUNCIL, Expenses of the Exhibitions. 184G. 1847. 1848. £. s. d. £. s. d. £. s. d. Materials for orchestra, tables, &c. . 45 5 5 12 1 Miscellaneous timber 41 18 10 17 10 Repairs of tents .... 8 18 6 12 9 2 17 18 3 Repairs of ladies' cloak-room and other rooms ..... 7 3 2 1 17 1 Oil, paint, &c. .... 18 8 1 13 12 7 9 13 9 Miscellaneous ironwork . 24 15 11 19 S 9 12 4 8 Turf, gravel, &c., and road repairs . 85 14 39 2 3 19 6 Handbarrows, water-pots, &c. . 5 13 6 25 6 6 17 9 4 Carpenters, painters, tent-pitchers, &c. 152 16 5 162 10 8 138 14 1 Miscellaneous labour beyond what is required for the ordinary service of the Garden .... 308 3 3 295 13 4 251 2 10 Hire of crockery .... 12 13 12 13 12 5 Miscellaneous printing . 85 6 70 18 90 15 Admission tickets .... 44 49 1 43 10 Advertisements .... 97 19 6 93 4 6 76 2 6 Cloak-room expenses G 1 5 8 6 5 8 9 Judges 56 8 47 5 39 18 Extra clerks and hire of temporary rooms ..... 39 5 6 54 1 56 9 Police ...... 123 2 115 18 115 11 Hats given to the men belonging to the Garden ..... 4 12 4 9 Bands and all musical expenses 349 15 314 4 306 17 Provisions for exhibitors, police, &c. 63 4 9 53 11 3 56 17 3 Watering roads .... 30 5 6 12 28 5 Miscellaneous expenses, including stationery, carriage, postage, mes- sengers, &c. .... 46 18 5 78 1 3 56 3 Hire of tent, &c., for His Highness Ibrahim Pacha and suite 10 10 . , ^ ^ Refreshments for ditto 33 4 3 1655 5 8 1520 19 4 1374 9 1 Medals awarded .... 1284 1262 1204 15 2939 5 8 2782 19 4 2579 4 1 Concerning the Ordinary General Meetings in Regent-street, the Council have to report that, in consequence of the small number of objects of exhibition now produced on these occasions during the months of IMay, June, and July, they have directed them to be discontinued in the usual form during tliose months, the meetings in the Society's Garden and elsewhere having rendered separate exhibitions at that season superfluous. The Council, however, have the satisfaction to state that Dr. Lindley MAY 1. 1849. 179 has consented to give Six Lectures on Horticulture to the Fellows of the Society on the following Tuesdays : — viz., May 15 and 22 ; June 12 and 26; and July Sand 17; and in order to enable tho-^e who may wish it, to exhibit on those days flowers or fruit which cannot be received at the Garden Meetings, the Council have availed themselves of the power given them by the by-laws to constitute such Lectures Ordinary General Meetings, Finance Committee. The Finance Committee, referring to their last Annual Report, have since ascertained that to many of the arrears remaining on the books the Society has no legal claim, and that in some other cases it is not expedient to incur the cost of enforcing claims which might probably have been collected in former years. It has been found necessary to remove from the books of account old subscriptions amounting to 319/. 18*. 6d.; to suspend sub- scriptions due to the amount of 265Z. 4^. ; and others will doubt- less be found beyond the reacli of recovery. Tiiese, however, are not regarded as available assets in the statement of the pro- perty of the Society given in another part of this Report. The arrears actually received during the year amount to 213/. 1*. The enactment of the new by-laws will, it is expected, facilitate the operations of the Committee, and enable them by degrees to extinguish the old arrears, and to make such arrangements as will lessen the probability of a fresh accumulation, by a more regular and punctual collection of subscriptions, in the accom- plishment of which object they solicit the kind co-operation of all tlie members. The Committee have to report that the amount of arrears of subscriptions, of all sorts, due on the 1st of May, 1848, is now 618/. 10*., a much smaller sum than has appeared under this head for many previous years. A comparison of the income of the Society for the last two years gives the following results : — VOL. IV. 180 KEPORT or THE COUNCIL, Admission Fees Compositions for life Annual subscriptions Transactions, &c. sold Rent of apartments let off Quarterly Journal sold Garden produce Iveceipts for garden charges Miscellaneous receipts Profit on Exchequer Bills . 1847-8. 1848-9. Receipts. Expenses Garden Exhibitions. 1847. 1848. . £4484 1 6 — 3867 14 . 2750 18 1 — 2544 18 10 1733 3 5 — 1322 15 2 Garden Exhibitions of Current Year. Receipts . Expenses 1847-8. £150 C 6 34 5 3 116 1 3 1848-9 302 12 40 9 6 262 2 6 £. s. d. 258 6 210 3237 1 28 6 150 75 17 29 2 10 49 12 9 23 3 5 42 13 6 £. s. d. 214 4 294 3023 10 48 17 3 150 64 15 24 8 5 47 4 6 4 5 7 9 3 4 1733 3 5 116 1 3 5953 8 4 1322 15 2 262 2 6 5465 5 9 This presents a diniinution amounting- to 488/. 2s. ']d., which is more than accounted for by the decrease of 430/. 8*. 3c?. in the profit derived from the exhibitions, and by a deficiency under the liead of annual subscriptions to the amount of 213/. 11*. Gd., principally ascribable to the amount of accumulated arrears pre- viously collected by the operations of the Finance Committee of 1847-8, and formerly reported upon. The Council, in conducting tlie business of the Society, have continued to observe all practicable economy, consistent with its permanent interests. A comparison of the expenses of 1 847-8 with those of 1848-9 is exhibited in the following statement : — MAY 1, 1849. 181 1847-S. 1848-9. £. s. d. £. s. d. Eents, rates, taxes, &c 682 15 663 6 1 Repairs, &c., Kegeut Street 43 2 6 32 11 11 Housekeeping expenses .... 40 14 8 36 6 Salaries, poundage, &c. .... 1135 9 1102 16 2 Interest, &c 295 2 8 334 7 10 Cost of Transactions, &c. .... 166 16 3 49 15 1 Cost of Quarterly Journal .... 504 11 7 375 19 8 Library charges 24 3 9 13 8 10 Printing and stationery .... 66 11 8 93 7 5 Medals at meetings in Regent Street . 81 10 82 Foreign missions and imports 149 2 3 73 11 7 Expenses of meetings, &c. .... 137 6 6 156 13 3 Miscellaneous expenses at Regent Street 20 3 4 Ditto at Garden ..... 251 7 5 258 7 11 Implements, mats, &c. .... 78 16 10 118 17 9 Tan, dung, &c. 45 9 3 42 5 6 Distribution expenses .... 233 6 10 242 Garden labour ...... 1015 11 3 1024 6 10 Coals and coke for Garden 209 18 89 10 Garden repairs ...... 107 13 10 298 6 11 Extra debt on medals .... •• 18 11 9 £ 5289 12 7 5106 5 This comparison shows a total diminution of expense to the extent of 183/. 7*. Id., notwithstanding that the account includes one week's labour at tlie Garden more than in the last year, and that it has been necessary to incur the cost of 126/. 15*. 2d. in replacing the boilers of the great conservatory, the necessity of which was announced in